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Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have recently attracted a lot of attention after being tested in various agricultural plants. This paper reports the green synthesis of CeO 2 NPs and SiO 2 NPs from leaf extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis . The physical characteristics of the produced nanoparticles were then determined using UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, the interaction effects of cerium oxide NPs (C1, C2, and C3) and silicon dioxide NPs (S1, S2, and S3) at 10 mg/L on blackgram ( Vigna mungo L.) were evaluated. CeO 2 and SiO 2 NPs treatments enhanced the growth performance of the plants by causing a decrease in superoxide radical (SOR) and H 2 O 2 via improving antioxidant enzymes. These findings imply that the size and shape of CeO 2 and SiO 2 NPs provide defense against oxidative damage to the blackgram. Graphical Abstract

Cobalt (Co) is considered an essential element in agriculture as it is an important constituent of vitamin B 12 . Due to natural and anthropogenic factors, heavy metals, especially Co, accumulate in agricultural fields, but their high exposure produces ramifications in crop plants, thereby reducing crop yield and biomass. Excessive Co in plants causes oxidative stress, and as the stress progresses, Co competes with iron (Fe) thereby decreasing chlorophyll content and resulting in Fe deficiency in plants. A major concern is to counter the Co toxicity. Therefore, the current study aimed to mitigate Co-stress or Co-toxicity by using siderophore producing microbes and simultaneously mobilize Co and iron (Fe) in required amounts. In this study, 250 bacteria were isolated from agricultural and non-agricultural soils and screened for siderophore production. Initial siderophore screening revealed that 28.8% of the isolates produced siderophore. Subsequent screening for Co-tolerance showed that 16 isolates were tolerant to up to 20,000 ppm of Co and produced ACC deaminase, siderophore (96.82–99.67%), indole-3-acetic acid (15.15–70.55 µg/mL) and phosphate solubilisation (39.33–142.67 µg/mL). A plate assay (200 mM Co stress) revealed that four isolates (KSBTS 12, SBTS 12, CWTS 5 and CWTS 10) enhanced the growth of black gram ( Vigna mungo L.). Furthermore, evaluation in pot studies (2000 ppm Co stress) revealed enhanced root (60.69–174.24%) and shoot length (3.27–143.96%) compared to the control. Inoculated plants also enhanced the uptake of nitrogen (37.33–42.36 mg/g) and phosphorous (3.12–3.92 mg/g), chlorophyll content (7.60–22.97 mg/g), siderophore quantity in the soils (282.41–331.53%) and the soil respiration activity such as hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (11.33–24.88 µg/g), dehydrogenase enzyme (109.76–197.26 µg/g) and alkaline phosphatase (631.53–918.20 µg/g). In conclusion, CWTS 5 ( Bacillus subtilis ) and CWTS 10 ( Bacillus albus ) can be used to mitigate Co-stress and mobilize Co and Fe in plants.

This study aims to evaluate the in vitro as well as in vivo antifungal activities of different phytohormones (PHs) against the hemibiotroph fungus, Fusarium oxysporum using black gram [ Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] as a model system . The potential antifungal activities were tested using PHs viz . salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), melatonin (MT), brassinolide (BL), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA 3 ), ethephon (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA), by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum effective concentration (MEC) end point in a microtiter plate-based assay. The results suggested significant antifungal activity for all the tested PHs, wherein SA and MeJA showed potency even at the lowest concentration tested, with corresponding MIC 90 values of 0.312 mM and 0.625 mM, respectively. Likewise, a similar MEC profile was also observed for both SA and MeJA, with a corresponding value of 0.078 mM and 0.312 mM, respectively. The microtiter results were corroborated using spore germination and mycelial susceptibility assays. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of PHs was assessed by recording the germination characteristics in SA and MeJA-primed V. mungo seeds that were already exposed to F. oxysporum spores. The PHs-primed seeds displayed a characteristic longer seedling length and higher seed vigor index (SVI), in concomitant with relative enhanced ROS-scavenging activity. The priming of V. mungo seeds with SA and MeJA seems to induce a defense mechanism against F. oxysporum infection, which also improved its germination characteristics.

Textile effluents are major pollutants with varied contaminants. Traditional treatment methods are costly and produce sludge, necessitating alternative, eco-friendly solutions. Biological treatment methods are receiving attention as it is proven to be cheap, environment-friendly, and highly efficient treatment methods for dye effluent on an industrial scale as compared to the other available treatment methods. The present work evaluates the bioremediation of textile effluent using a pure culture of a bacterium isolated from the soil samples contaminated with textile wastewater. The strain was identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans KUESCCHK-6 (GenBank Accession Number: OM475749) through 16S rRNA molecular analysis. This bacterial strain was used to treat textile effluent under specific conditions: glucose as the carbon source, urea as the nitrogen source, a C/N ratio of 6:1, a temperature of 35°C, a pH of 8.5, and a static incubation period of 5 days. The results indicated that the strain effectively reduced various physiochemical parameters of the raw textile wastewater: color by 87.94%, BOD by 80.61%, COD by 80.96%, EC by 73.11%, fluoride by 81.15%, phosphate by 79.57%, sodium by 76.88%, and turbidity by 81.02%. Additionally, metal ions, including iron, were removed by 84.83%, while other metals, such as zinc, nickel, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium, total chromium, arsenic, barium, cobalt, and boron, were reduced to belowdetectable limits. Phytotoxicity tests confirmed the non-toxic nature of the treated effluent. Overall, the study concludes that Achromobacter xylosoxidans KUESCCHK-6 is a promising candidate for the bioremediation of textile industrial effluents, with potential for commercial application.

Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) is an economically significant widespread and devastating disease resulting in extreme crinkling, puckering and rugosity of leaves inflicting heavy yield losses annually in major urdbean-producing countries of the world. This disease is caused by urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV). Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is relatively more susceptible than other pulses to leaf crinkle disease. Urdbean is an important and useful crop cultivated in various parts of South-East Asia and well adapted for cultivation under semi-arid and subtropical conditions. Aphids, insects and whiteflies have been reported as vectors of the disease. The virus is also transmitted through sap inoculation, grafting and seed. The loss in seed yield in ULCD-affected urdbean crop ranges from 35 to 81 %, which is dependent upon type of genotype location and infection time. The diseased material and favourable climatic conditions contribute for the widespread viral disease. Anatomical and biochemical changes take place in the affected diseased plants. Genetic variations have been reported in the germplasm screening which suggest continuous screening of available varieties and new germplasm to search for new traits (new genes) and identify new sources of disease resistance. There are very few reports on breeding programmes for the development and release of varieties tolerant to ULCD. Mostly random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as well as inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers have been utilized for fingerprinting of blackgram, and a few reports are there on sequence-tagged micro-satellite site (STMS) markers. There are so many RNA viruses which have also developed strategies to counteract silencing process by encoding suppressor proteins that create hindrances in the process. But, in the case of ULCV, there is no report available indicating which defence pathway is operating for its resistance in the plants and whether same silencing suppression strategy is also followed by this virus causing leaf crinkle disease in urdbean. The antiviral principles (AVP) present in leaf extracts of several plants are known to inhibit infection by many viruses. Many chemicals have been reported as inhibitors of virus replication in plants. Raising the barrier crops also offers an effective solution to control the spread of virus.

Black gram ( Vigna mungo L. Hepper), is an extensively studied food crop which is affected by many abiotic and biotic factors, especially diseases. The yield potential of Black gram is shallow due to lack of genetic variability and biotic stress susceptibility. Core biotic stress factors include mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), urdbean leaf crinkle virus (UCLV), wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum ) and powdery mildew ( Erysiphe polygoni DC ). Although many studies determine resistant varieties to a particular disease, however, it is often complimented by low yield and susceptibility to other diseases. Hence, this study focuses on investigating the genetic relationships among three varieties and nine accessions of black gram having disease resistance to previously described diseases and susceptibility using random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) markers. A total of 33 RAPD primers were used for diversity analysis and yielded 206 fragments. Number of amplified fragments ranged from two (OPN-1) to 13 (OPF-1). The highest similarity coefficient was observed between IC-145202 and IC-164118 (0.921), while lowest similarity was between PU-31 and IC-145202 (0.572). The genetic diversity obtained in this study along with disease analysis suggests PU31as a useful variety for the development of markers linked to MYMV, UCLV, wilt and powdery mildew resistance by marker-assisted back cross breeding and facilitates the production of crosses with multiple disease resistance.

Inoculation with beneficial microorganisms facilitates plant growth and is an alternative to chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, cross inoculation of Rhizobium aegyptiacum, an osmotolarant bacterial strain enhances growth in Vigna mungo cv. T9, a widely cultivated variety. In cross inoculated T9 plants, the stem length is increased in comparison to uninoculated plants and plants inoculated with the native Bradyrhizobium sp. Both the fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot is higher in R. aegyptiacum inoculated plants as compared to Bradyrhizobium inoculated plants. Thus, R. aegyptiacum can be successfully cross inoculated in drought susceptible agronomically desirable black gram varieties for better growth.

In vitro response of seedlings of six genotypes of Vigna mungo L. Hepper to herbicide stress, induced by glyphosate was assessed by evaluating its effect on morphological parameters viz. germination percentage, survival percentage, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, as well as on biochemical parameters such as activity of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), total protein and proline content along with MDA content. Findings indicate that herbicide treatment promotes significant and dose-dependent decrease in all morphological parameters and increase in activity of antioxidative enzymes in all the genotypes. Herbicide treatment promotes significant decrease in total protein content and increase in proline content. Significant variation for MDA content among genotypes was not observed. On the basis of results of present investigation, it was concluded that Vigna mungo genotypes tolerant to the herbicide stress can be of considerable practical value for studying the mechanism of herbicide tolerance and for providing genetic resources for the development of herbicide-tolerant cultivars.

Cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms were analyzed in roots and leaves of Vigna mungo L. Seeds were germinated in perlite-vermiculite and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. At day 6, seedlings were exposed to 40 μM Cd under semi-hydroponic conditions for a period of 12 days. Growth anomalies and abnormal chromatin condensation were observed in Cd-treated plants, in comparison with control ones. Cd accumulation was observed in roots of treated plants. The analyses of antioxidative defense and oxidative parameters in roots, stems and leaves showed different tissue-specific responses. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx) activities and the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA content) decreased in roots. However, they increased in leaves. Catalase activity and chlorophyll content, on the other hand, decreased over exposure to Cd stress. Total glutathione, non-protein thiols, reduced glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins increased significantly, while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) decreased, as compared with control plants. The present data suggest that the presence of Cd in soil and water can cause oxidative damage that may be detrimental for optimum production of nutritional mung.

Background Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans (Xcf) and Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp) are the causal agents of common bacterial blight of bean (CBB), an important disease worldwide that remains difficult to control. These pathogens belong to distinct species within the Xanthomonas genus and have undergone a dynamic evolutionary history including the horizontal transfer of genes encoding factors probably involved in adaptation to and pathogenicity on common bean. Seed transmission is a key point of the CBB disease cycle, favouring both vertical transmission of the pathogen and worldwide distribution of the disease through global seed trade. Taxonomy Kingdom: Bacteria; phylum: Proteobacteria; class: Gammaproteobacteria; order: Lysobacterales (also known as Xanthomonadales); family: Lysobacteraceae (also known as Xanthomonadaceae); genus: Xanthomonas; species: X. citri pv. fuscans and X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xcf‐Xpp). Host range The main host of Xcf‐Xpp is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and members of the Vigna genus (Vigna aconitifolia, Vigna angularis, Vigna mungo, Vigna radiata, and Vigna umbellata) are also natural hosts of Xcf‐Xpp. Natural occurrence of Xcf‐Xpp has been reported for a handful of other legumes such as Calopogonium sp., Pueraria sp., pea (Pisum sativum), Lablab purpureus, Macroptilium lathyroides, and Strophostyles helvola. There are conflicting reports concerning the natural occurrence of CBB agents on tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata). Symptoms CBB symptoms occur on all aerial parts of beans, that is, seedlings, leaves, stems, pods, and seeds. Symptoms initially appear as water‐soaked spots evolving into necrosis on leaves, pustules on pods, and cankers on twigs. In severe infections, defoliation and wilting may occur. Distribution CBB is distributed worldwide, meaning that it is frequently encountered in most places where bean is cultivated in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, except for arid tropical areas. Xcf‐Xpp are regulated nonquarantine pathogens in Europe and are listed in the A2 list by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). Genome The genome consists of a single circular chromosome plus one to four extrachromosomal plasmids of various sizes, for a total mean size of 5.27 Mb with 64.7% GC content and an average predicted number of 4,181 coding sequences. Disease control Management of CBB is based on integrated approaches that comprise measures aimed at avoiding Xcf‐Xpp introduction through infected seeds, cultural practices to limit Xcf‐Xpp survival between host crops, whenever possible the use of tolerant or resistant bean genotypes, and chemical treatments, mainly restricted to copper compounds. The use of pathogen‐free seeds is essential in an effective management strategy and requires appropriate sampling, detection, and identification methods. Useful websites https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/XANTPH, https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/XANTFF, and http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/ca/CA16107. This pathogen profile summarizes the current knowledge on Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans, two phylogenetically distant groups of strains that cause common bacterial blight of bean. ​