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A rich new source of important archival information,Voices from Vilcabambaexamines the fall of the Inca Empire in unprecedented detail. Containing English translations of seven major documents from the Vilcabamba era (1536-1572), this volume presents an overview of the major events that occurred in the Vilcabamba region of Peru during the final decades of Inca rule. Brian S. Bauer, Madeleine Halac-Higashimori, and Gabriel E. Cantarutti have translated and analyzed seven documents, most notablyDescription of Vilcabambaby Baltasar de Ocampo Conejeros and a selection from Martín de Murúa'sGeneral History of Peru, which focuses on the fall of Vilcabamba. Additional documents from a range of sources that include Augustinian investigations, battlefield reports, and critical eyewitness accounts are translated into English for the first time. With a critical introduction on the history of the region during the Spanish Conquest and introductions to each of the translated documents, the volume provides an enhanced narrative on the nature of European-American relations during this time of important cultural transformation.

An increasing number of court rulings and legislation worldwide are recognizing rights of nature to be protected and preserved. Recognizing these rights also entails the recognition that nature has the right to stand in court and to be represented for its defense. This is still an incipient field and every step taken in this direction constitutes a precedent from which to learn and on which to base new rulings and legislation initiatives. Within this doctrine, rivers seem to be on the spotlight and court rulings on the rights of rivers are the ones setting precedent. These cases have taken place in New Zealand, Ecuador, India, and Colombia. This review looks into what all these rulings and legislation worldwide say about the rights of nature and what legal and systemic considerations should be taken into account as the recognition of the rights of nature moves forward.

Glacial lakes represent a threat for the populations of the Andes and numerous disastrous glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) occurred as a result of sudden dam failures or dam overtoppings triggered by landslides such as rock/ice avalanches into the lake. This paper investigates a landslide-triggered GLOF process chain that occurred on February 23, 2020, in the Cordillera Vilcabamba in the Peruvian Andes. An initial slide at the SW slope of Nevado Salkantay evolved into a rock/ice avalanche. The frontal part of this avalanche impacted the moraine-dammed Lake Salkantaycocha, triggering a displacement wave which overtopped and surficially eroded the dam. Dam overtopping resulted in a far-reaching GLOF causing fatalities and people missing in the valley downstream. We analyze the situations before and after the event as well as the dynamics of the upper portion of the GLOF process chain, based on field investigations, remotely sensed data, meteorological data and a computer simulation with a two-phase flow model. Comparison of pre- and post-event field photographs helped us to estimate the initial landslide volume of 1–2 million m3. Meteorological data suggest rainfall and/or melting/thawing processes as possible causes of the landslide. The simulation reveals that the landslide into the lake created a displacement wave of 27 m height. The GLOF peak discharge at the dam reached almost 10,000 m3/s. However, due to the high freeboard, less than 10% of the lake volume drained, and the lake level increased by 10–15 m, since the volume of landslide material deposited in the lake (roughly 1.3 million m3) was much larger than the volume of released water (57,000 m3, according to the simulation). The model results show a good fit with the observations, including the travel time to the uppermost village. The findings of this study serve as a contribution to the understanding of landslide-triggered GLOFs in changing high-mountain regions.

The role of the tropics in triggering, transmitting, and amplifying interhemispheric climate signals remains a key debate in paleoclimatology. Tropical glacier fluctuations provide important insight on regional paleoclimatic trends and forcings, but robust chronologies are scarce. Here, we report precise moraine ages from the Cordillera Vilcabamba (13°20'S) of southern Peru that indicate prominent glacial events and associated climatic shifts in the outer tropics during the early Holocene and late in the \"Little Ice Age\" period. Our glacier chronologies differ from the New Zealand record but are broadly correlative with well-dated glacial records in Europe, suggesting climate linkages between the tropics and the North Atlantic region.

In 1571, Diego Ortiz, an Augustinian friar, was executed in the neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba (Peru). His killing, and the events surrounding it, marked the final destruction of the Inca Empire by the Spanish and the definitive imposition of a new order on the continent of the Americas. Ortiz’s story was recorded by the chronicler and fellow Augustinian, Antonio de la Calancha, in his Corónica moralizada (1638). He describes Ortiz’s missionary work and recounts his often-fractious relationship with the emperor Titu Cusi Yupanqui before turning to his martyrdom, the destruction of Vilcabamba by the Spanish, and the capture and execution of the last Inca emperor Tupac Amaru. Calancha’s account, meanwhile, exposes a very different way of viewing history from the one we are used to today as it simultaneously describes a teleological narrative while telescoping time into a single moment of creation—the instant time itself was created. This bilingual, critical edition is the first English language translation of Calancha’s account and the introductory essays contextualise these events by discussing the conquest and evangelisation of Peru, and Inca politics of state, while also drawing out this radically different way of conceptualising human history—the collapse of time.

PurposeThis study aims to determine the level of satisfaction of secondary housing tourists in Vilcabamba.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis of satisfaction of this tourism segment in a destination is essential for the different economic agents when evaluating various policies. The analysis is based on the answers provided to 16 items in a questionnaire administered to a representative sample (281 respondents). The authors have used the fuzzy logic to reduce ambiguity in the answers associated to subjective views of human beings who express themselves linguistically. A method based on the degree of similarity to ideal solutions has been used to obtain a classification of relevant satisfaction items.FindingsThe results indicate that the ideal solutions segments are represented by multicultural characteristics of second home tourists and the number of years they have been visiting Vilcabamba. The authors find that foreign tourists are more satisfied than Ecuadorians. Analyzing the most critical factors, it is seen that accessibility to the destination, socio-cultural environment and quality of water achieve a high priority.Research limitations/implicationsSecond home tourists’ satisfaction has been studied with a limited set of 16 attributes, and some attributes also have a multidimensional nature, so a further study analyzing the scale will be needed in the future.Originality/valueThe present study fills an existing gap in the literature of secondary housing tourism where the existing previous research has been mainly focused on retirees’ secondary housing tourism. The study provides interesting insights into local and national authorities, as well as other economic agents, to designing strategies and planning processes of the destinations for secondary housing tourists.

En una excavación arqueológica llevada a cabo por el Ministerio de Cultura del Cuzco en el sitio de Espíritu Pampa, el último refugio Inca de Vilcabamba (Perú), se encontraron 55 fragmentos de una vasija extraordinaria. La pieza presenta una decoración pictórica con una escena muy compleja, llena de simbolismos y metáforas visuales sobre el enfrentamiento entre españoles e indígenas. La escena incluye 39 seres humanos y 57 animales, los cuales fueron estudiados cuidadosamente. El análisis iconográfico considera los diferentes detalles representados, tales como las armas y las prendas, además de otros elementos más simbólicos y metáforas visuales representadas por medio de los animales y el motivo del arcoíris. Al reunir los diferentes componentes de la iconografía, concluimos que la escena no es la representación de un evento bélico concreto, sino una visión incaica del futuro, en la que los indígenas, unidos bajo el mandato inca, vencerán a los españoles. In an archaeological excavation that was carried out by the Peruvian Ministry of Culture of Cuzco at the site of Espiritu Pampa, the last Inca refuge of Vilcabamba, 55 fragments of an extraordinary ceramic vessel were found. A very complex scene was painted on this piece. The scene illustrates the confrontation between the Spaniards and the indigenous population of the Andean area. Included in this scene are 39 humans and 57 animals, which we analyze carefully. In our iconographic analysis, we consider different elements represented in this scene, including weapons and garments. The scene is full of symbolism and visual metaphors represented by the animals and a persistent rainbow motif. By synthesizing each of the identified components and the symbolism they contain, we are able to demonstrate that the scene does not represent a specific belligerent event. Rather, it displays an Inca vision of a future in which the indigenous will gather under the Inca mandate and defeat the Spaniards.

En esta contribución nos proponemos analizar los espacios que el imaginario andino atribuyó a la figura del Inca después de la conquista española. Las características múltiples de su refugio -en la encrucijada entre el mito y la historia- encierran significados que intentaremos descubrir mediante un estudio comparativo de dos tradiciones culturales muy difundidas en los Andes: el mito de Inkarrí y el ciclo dramático de la muerte de Atahualpa.

We describe a new species of Thomasomys from the Vilcabamba Cordillera, Cuzco, Peru. This thomasomyine is a medium-sized, small-eared, and long-tailed rodent similar in external and cranial features to Thomasomys silvestris, a species from the western Andean slopes of Ecuador. The new species presents a unique combination of characters that includes the absence of genal vibrissae, absence of a 'gap' between the hypothenar and thenar pads, short incisive foramina, and a primitive pattern of carotid circulation. The proposed new species is known only from the type locality, suggesting that its restricted distribution could be attributed to the existence of a relict fauna in the area.