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Reforming the police through procedural justice training
Can police be trained to treat people in fair and respectful ways, and if so, will this influence evaluations of the police and crime? To answer these questions, we randomly allocated 120 crime hot spots to a procedural justice (PJ) and standard condition (SC) in three cities. Twenty-eight officers were randomly assigned to the conditions. The PJ condition officers received an intensive 5-d training course in the components of PJ (giving voice, showing neutrality, treating people with respect, and evidencing trustworthy motives). We used police self-report surveys to assess whether the training influenced attitudes, systematic social observations to examine impacts on police behavior in the field, and arrests to assess law enforcement actions. We conducted pre and post household surveys to assess resident attitudes toward the police. Impacts on crime were measured using crime incident and citizen-initiated crime call data. The training led to increased knowledge about PJ and more procedurally just behavior in the field as compared with the SC condition. At the same time, PJ officers made many fewer arrests than SC officers. Residents of the PJ hot spots were significantly less likely to perceive police as harassing or using unnecessary force, though we did not find significant differences between the PJ and SC hot spots in perceptions of PJ and police legitimacy. We found a significant relative 14% decline in crime incidents in the PJ hot spots during the experiment.
Journal Article
Improving family functioning and reducing violence in the home in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: a pilot cluster-randomised controlled trial of Safe at Home
ObjectiveTo test the effectiveness of the Safe at Home programme which was developed to improve family well-being and prevent multiple forms of violence in the home.DesignWaitlisted pilot cluster randomised controlled trial.SettingNorth Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.Participants202 heterosexual couples.InterventionThe Safe at Home programme.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was family functioning, with secondary outcomes of past-3 month co-occurring violence, intimate partner violence (IPV) and harsh discipline. Pathway mechanisms assessed included attitudes related to acceptance of harsh discipline, gender equitable attitudes, positive parenting skills and power sharing within the couple.ResultsNo significant improvements in family functioning were documented for women (β=1.49; 95% CI: −2.75 to 5.74; p=0.49) and men (β=1.09; 95% CI: −3.13 to 4.74; p=0.69). However, women in Safe at Home reported a OR=0.15 (p=0.000), OR=0.23 (p=0.001) and OR=0.29 (p=0.013) change in co-occurring IPV and harsh discipline; physical/sexual/emotional IPV by their partner and use of physical and/or emotional harsh discipline against their child, respectively, as compared with women in the waitlisted group. Men participating in Safe at Home reported a OR=0.23 (p=0.005) change in perpetration of co-occurring violence, OR=0.26 (p=0.003) change in any form of IPV perpetration and OR=0.56 (p=0.19) change in use of harsh discipline against their child as compared with the waitlist arm. Positive changes were also noted in pathway variables around attitudes, skills and behaviours within couples.ConclusionThis pilot trial demonstrated the Safe at Home programme to be highly effective in preventing multiple forms of violence in the home and improving equitable attitudes and skills in couples. Future research should assess longitudinal impact and implementation at scale.Trial registration numberNCT04163549.
Journal Article
Citywide cluster randomized trial to restore blighted vacant land and its effects on violence, crime, and fear
Vacant and blighted urban land is a widespread and potentially risky environmental condition encountered by millions of people on a daily basis. About 15% of the land in US cities is deemed vacant or abandoned, an area roughly the size of Switzerland. In a citywide cluster randomized controlled trial, we investigated the effects of standardized, reproducible interventions that restore vacant land on the commission of violence, crime, and the perceptions of fear and safety. Quantitative and ethnographic analyses were included in a mixed-methods approach to more fully test and explicate our findings. A total of 541 randomly sampled vacant lots were randomly assigned into treatment and control study arms; outcomes from police and 445 randomly sampled participants were analyzed over a 38-month study period. Participants living near treated vacant lots reported significantly reduced perceptions of crime (−36.8%, P < 0.05), vandalism (−39.3%, P < 0.05), and safety concerns when going outside their homes (−57.8%, P < 0.05), as well as significantly increased use of outside spaces for relaxing and socializing (75.7%, P < 0.01). Significant reductions in crime overall (−13.3%, P < 0.01), gun violence (−29.1%, P < 0.001), burglary (−21.9%, P < 0.001), and nuisances (−30.3%, P < 0.05) were also found after the treatment of vacant lots in neighborhoods below the poverty line. Blighted and vacant urban land affects people’s perceptions of safety, and their actual, physical safety. Restoration of this land can be an effective and scalable infrastructure intervention for gun violence, crime, and fear in urban neighborhoods.
Journal Article
Implementation of “STAMP” at Triage to Prevent Workplace Violence in the Emergency Department: A Quality Improvement Project
Workplace violence (WPV) is a significant concern in healthcare settings, especially in the Emergency Department (ED). Early identification of patients at risk for violent behavior is critical to WPV prevention and staff safety. The STAMP tool—Staring, Tone, Anxiety, Mumbling, and Pacing—is uniquely designed for the ED and guides clinicians in assessing behavioral cues associated with potential for violence. This project aimed to decrease staff injuries by implementing the STAMP tool at triage.
The STAMP tool was piloted in the triage of three urban emergency departments in the Southeastern U.S. Project outcomes included WPV-related staff injuries, tracked for two years before and after STAMP implementation. Additional measures included usability and satisfaction evaluated through surveys and focus group interviews with triage nurses, along with documentation rates of STAMP. Descriptive statistics and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data.
Implementation of the STAMP tool was associated with a significant reduction in WPV-related staff injuries (t(46) = 4.45, p < .001, CI 0.66–1.76). The average usability score for STAMP was 81.5 (SD ± 12.3), with 65% of triage nurses rating usability above average (n = 13/20). 90% of nurses (n = 18/20) found the tool helpful, and 65% (n = 13/20) reported feeling safer at work following implementation. Documentation rates for STAMP surpassed 90% by Week 9 and averaged 88.97% throughout the two-year study period.
The STAMP tool is an easily adopted and sustainable tool for early detection and prevention of WPV in the ED. With effective implementation into the triage workflow, STAMP is associated with significant harm reduction, improved communication, high usability, and consistent documentation, supporting its potential for effective prevention of WPV in the ED.
Journal Article
The risk of school rampage : assessing and preventing threats of school violence
\"Deadly school rampage shootings continue to plague society and inspire widespread fear, yet scant attention has been paid to averted incidents. Utilizing in-depth interviews conducted with officials directly involved in averting potential school rampages, this book explores the processes by which threats are assessed and school rampage plots are averted. By examining these averted incidents, this work addresses problematic gaps in school violence scholarship and advances existing knowledge about mass murder, violence prevention, bystander intervention, threat assessment, and disciplinary policy in school contexts.\"-- Publisher's website.
Book
Computer-based intervention for residents of domestic violence shelters with substance use: A randomized pilot study
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem often associated with serious mental health and physical health implications. Substance use disorders (SUDs) are one of the most common comorbidities among women with IPV, increasing risk of subsequent IPV.
The current study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a brief computerized intervention to reduce alcohol and drug use among women with IPV. Fifty women with recent IPV and alcohol and drug use risk were recruited from domestic violence shelters and randomized to the experimental computerized intervention or to an attention and time control condition. The primary outcome was percent heavy drinking or drug using days in 3 month increments over the 6 months after leaving the shelter. Receipt of substance use services and IPV severity were evaluated as secondary outcomes.
The computerized intervention was feasible and acceptable, with high (n = 20, 80%) completion rates, engagement with the intervention, and satisfaction scores. As expected in this pilot trial, there were no significant differences between conditions in percent heavy drinking/drug using days or receipt of substance use services and large individual differences in outcomes. For example, receipt of substance use services decreased by a mean of 0.05 times/day from the baseline to the 6-month time period in the control condition (range -1.00 to +0.55) and increased by a mean of 0.06 times/day in the intervention condition (range -0.13 to +0.89). There were large decreases in IPV severity over time in both conditions, but directions of differences favored the control condition for IPV severity.
A computerized intervention to reduce the risk of alcohol/drug use and subsequent IPV is feasible and acceptable among residents of a domestic violence shelter. A fully powered trial is needed to conclusively evaluate outcomes.
Journal Article