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"Virtue"
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Reconsidering Virtue: Differences of Perspective in Virtue Ethics and the Positive Social Sciences
This paper describes differences in two perspectives on the idea of virtue as a theoretical foundation for positive organizational ethics (POE). The virtue ethics perspective is grounded in the philosophical tradition, has classical roots, and focuses attention on virtue as a property of character. The positive social science perspective is a recent movement (e.g., positive psychology and positive organizational scholarship) that has implications for POE. The positive social science movement operationalizes virtue through an empirical lens that emphasizes virtuous behaviors. From a virtue ethics perspective, a behaviorally based account of virtue is a weak theory of virtue. Observations are suggested for integrating the two perspectives. First, virtue should always be understood as an excellence and is often an optimal point between extreme dysfunctions on continuum of potential states. Second, an empirical exploration of virtue needs to account for character and context. Finally, the properties of organization-level virtue need to be further specified and explored. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Journal Article
FORUM: Miranda FRICKER's Epistemic Injustice. Power and the Ethics of Knowing
This paper summarizes key themes from my Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing (OUP, 2007); and it gives replies to commentators.
Journal Article
Can Creativity Be a Collective Virtue? Insights for the Ethics of Innovation
Virtue accounts of innovation ethics have recognized the virtue of creativity as an admirable trait in innovators. However, such accounts have not paid sufficient attention to the way creativity functions as a collective phenomenon. We propose a collective virtue account to supplement existing virtue accounts. We base our account on Kieran’s definition of creativity as a virtue and distinguish three components in it: creative output, mastery and intrinsic motivation. We argue that all of these components can meaningfully be attributed to innovation groups. This means that we can also attribute the virtue of creativity to group agents involved in innovation. Recognizing creativity as a collective virtue in innovation is important because it allows for a more accurate evaluation of how successful innovation generally happens. The innovator who takes a collective virtue account of creativity seriously will give attention to the facilitation of an environment where the group can flourish collectively, rather than only nurturing the individual genius.
Journal Article
From AsurI Nature to Daivl Nature: Sri Aurobindo's Interpretation of the Gita in Light of Classical Exegesis
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the Daivi and Asuri Sampad (divine and demoniac qualities) as delineated in the sixteenth chapter of the Bhagavadgita (1936), drawing primarily on Sri Aurobindo's Essays on the Gita (1997a). By examining twenty-six virtues attributed to the Daivi nature and contrasting them with classical Sanskrit commentaries, the study identifies both convergences and omissions in Sri Aurobindo's interpretations. The paper further explores his psychological interpretation of the Gunas, the transformative role of Sattva, and the soul's ascent toward divine consciousness. In doing so, it situates his readings within a broader Indian philosophical and spiritual framework, highlighting how the transition from Rajasika and Tamasika tendencies to Trigunatita (beyond the Gunas) aligns with inner evolution. The paper also contextualizes Dharma and Satya as foundational values through Puranic sources, offering a nuanced perspective on Sri Aurobindo's integrative vision of spiritual development. Keywords: Daivi and Asuri nature, Bhagavadgita, Sri Aurobindo, Gunas, spiritual evolution
Journal Article
The Cambridge companion to virtue ethics
This volume offers an overview of virtue ethics, the implications for specific practical issues and where we can expect virtue ethics to go in the future.
Book
Zhuangzi’s De 德 and Transcendence: The Temporal Order of “Ten Suns Rose in the Sky at Once” in the Qiwu lun 齊物論
The phrase shiri bing chu 十日並出 (ten suns rose in the sky at once) from the Qiwu lun 齊物論 can also be interpreted as shiri dai chu 十日代出 (ten suns alternately appearing). Here, “ten suns rose in the sky at once” is not merely a spatial concept but also a temporal one. Thus, the concept of De 德 (virtue), connected to the idea of “ten suns shining together,” is a transcendent force with its own inner sense of time. It acts as the foundation for all things to exist and grow continuously. Under the endless cycle of day and night and the nourishing power of tiande 天德 (heavenly virtue), everything flourishes according to its true nature. Here, De combines two aspects: mingde 明德 (luminous virtue) and xuande 玄德 (inconspicuous virtue). “luminous virtue” focuses on order and building, highlighting the uniqueness within human growth. “inconspicuous virtue” emphasizes harmony and equalizing with all things, revealing our shared connection with the world. These two concepts are not opposites. The highest goal of luminous virtue lies in mysterious virtue, which itself contains the roots of luminous virtue. Both work together to reflect the natural flow of the Dao 道 (the Way), thus demonstrating that Zhuangzi’s philosophy is not merely about criticism or deconstruction—it has a deeply constructive side. Virtue transcends both individuality and universality. Human nature holds both virtues. By balancing the order of growth and equalizing with all things, we can harmonize our uniqueness with our shared bonds, revealing our true value in both action and spirit.
Journal Article