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Symptomatic dry eye disease is a growing public health challenge especially among those who are visual display unit (VDU) users and other long-time near activity workers. Globally, computer user adults experience a surge in the prevalence of dry eye. Data is insufficient on the prevalence of dry eye disease among postgraduate students in Ethiopia. Therefore, the present was aimed to assess the prevalence of dry eye and its associated factors among postgraduate students at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 423 postgraduate students who were selected based on a simple random sampling technique. Data was collected through online symptom-based ocular surface disease index questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association and p-value of <0.05 was considered to determine the significance of the association. From the total postgraduate students, 404 completed the study with a response rate of 95.5%. The prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease was 50.5% (95% CI, 45.1%-54.9%). Average continuous visual display unit use for 2-4hours per day[AOR = 2.57 (95% CI, 1.27-5.21)] and for> 4hours per day[AOR = 3.77 (95% CI 1.87-7.59)], duration of visual display unit use for 3-5 years [AOR = 2.24 (95% CI, 1.17-4.31)], 6-8 years [AOR = 2.46 (95% CI,1.31-4.62)] and > 8 years [AOR = 3.25 (95% CI, 1.63-6.48)], average sleeping hour < 7 hours/day within last week [AOR = 2.17 (95% CI, 1.35-3.49)] and current known allergic conjunctivitis [AOR = 5.42 (95% CI, 2.43-12.10)] were significantly associated with symptomatic dry eye disease. In this study, about half of postgraduate students faced symptomatic dry eye disease. Significant association was observed between symptomatic dry eye disease and average continuous hours of visual display unit use, duration of visual display unit use in years, shortage of sleep and current known allergic conjunctivitis. It is advisable for postgraduate students to limit screen exposure hour and establish regular breaking time along their exposure. It is also advisable to have optimum sleep as possible. It is also important to explore dry eye disease on a large sample incorporating clinical tests.

Introduction Visual electrophysiology tests require the use of precise and calibrated visual display units (VDUs). Existing VDUs for presenting structured stimuli are now mostly obsolete, with modern solutions limited or unsuitable for clinical testing. Digital light processing (DLP) laser projectors have recently become commercially available and this study aimed to assess their suitability as VDUs for visual electrophysiology testing. Methods This study consisted of two sections. The first was a photometric study of two DLP laser projectors (Viewsonic LS831WU and HiSense 100L5FTUK) to assess luminance, contrast, spectral and temporal characteristics of the stimulus. The second was a physiological study comparing pattern electroretinograms (PERG) and visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) amplitudes and peak-times recorded using a DLP laser projector, photometrically and spatially matched to existing plasma VDUs at our institution (Pioneer Electronics Corporation, PDP422MXE). Results The Viewsonic DLP laser projector was capable of high luminance levels (0–587.5 cd/m 2 ) whilst maintaining contrast above 93%. The temporal properties showed fast rise and fall times of 0.5–1 ms and 0.5–1 ms, respectively, without any transient luminance change with reversals. The device required a warm-up time of at least 2 min until reaching near maximal luminance. The second (Hisense) device was observed to have a detrimental input lag jitter so was not used for any further analysis. PERGs and PVEPs showed high agreement and correlation ( r  = 0.766–0.905) between the Viewsonic DLP device and existing plasma VDUs. No significant differences were observed for P50 and P100 peak-time ( p  =  > 0.05), however P50, N95 and P100 amplitudes were all significantly larger for the DLP device ( p  =  < 0.05). Discussion The DLP laser projector tested in this study is a viable and practical replacement VDU for clinical electrophysiology tests of vision. The device is easily capable of meeting ISCEV standards, and showed PERG and PVEP amplitudes larger than existing systems despite photometric and spatial matching. The DLP laser projectors are capable of very large field sizes so are beneficial for paediatric testing or those wishing to examine large field responses. Importantly, it was observed that some devices may suffer input lag jitter, therefore, individual calibration and assessment of DLP projection systems is an important consideration before clinical implementation.

Objectives Against the background of e‐government, it is discussed whether self‐organization represents an independent component of digital leadership. Addressing this research question, the instrument “DigiFuehr” is being expanded to include the aspects of self‐determination and coordination. The aim is to test the model quality of three adapted scales against the already established support‐focusing version. Methods Based on an online survey of n = 422 employees at visual display unit workstations in German municipal administrations in April 2022, the original version of DigiFuehr as well as one reduced and two extended versions were validated considering their local and global model fit. Results All four scales show a good local fit with regard to internal consistency (Cronbach's α), discriminatory power, and dimensionality. Only the scale extended by two items also offers a sufficient global fit and is thus most suitable as a predictor for psychological stress, work satisfaction, and satisfaction with the professional exchange during homeworking. Conclusions With “DigiFuehr 2.0”, an improved version of the original scale is available. Self‐organization is not a component independent of the support dimension, but a further important indicator of a latent digital leadership culture. Neither should come at the expense of the other.

Backround Earlier, interventional and sonography techniques have been analyzed in detail for the field of internal medicine concerning workplace ergonomics. Here, work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) have been reported with a prevalence of about 76%. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive kinematic and ergonomic analysis of an average working day of a resident physician in internal medicine on a cardiological ward. Methods The kinematic data of 17 resident physicians (9f/8m) of internal medicine, working in 3 different cardiological wards in a hospital of maximum care was collected on an average workday using the CUELA measurement system. A detailed, computer-based task analysis was conducted concurrently with the kinematic assessment. By synchronizing the data obtained from both measurements, postural patterns were chronologically aligned and contextualized with the corresponding task performance. The main categories were (1) Office work, (2) Ward rounds, (3) Tasks performed directly with the patient (i.e. patient examination, blood withdrawal) and (4) Other. The main categories were divided into several sub-categories for further differentiation. For the data analysis, characteristic values of joint angle distributions (percentiles P05, P25, P50, P75, and P95) for the head, neck, and torso during predefined tasks were examined and evaluated in accordance with ergonomic standards. In addition, the Owako Working Posture Analysing System was applied (OWAS). Results A total duration of 129.2 working hours were recorded. Resident physicians of internal medicine on a cardiological ward spend a large part of their work day in office type work situations (57%) with 36% dedicated to computer work, followed by 18% for ward rounds and 16% for directly patient related activities. The office type work situations showed high sedentary rates with increased ergonomic risk for postures of the cervical and thoracolumbar spine (moderate to unfavorable postures for back curvature in almost all percentiles and office activities, reclination of the neck during (-8°- -16° in P05 and P25) for ‘use of computer’. Several aspects of patient related activities displayed high percentages of forward bending (predominately moderate and unfavorable postures for back curvature, sagittal trunk and neck inclination) and in P25-P95 for ‘blood withdrawal’ and ‘patient examination’. Conclusion An important office type work setting is predominant in the daily routine of resident physicians of internal medicine working on cardiological wards and have been detected as important predictor to cause musculoskeletal stress. Resident physicians of internal medicine on cardiological wards have a high occurrence of ergonomically unfavorable situations, particularly during patient related activities and sedentary work using visual display units. This study highlights the need for ergonomic interventions particularly in respect to adjustable, individualized workstations and equipment.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review prospective cohort studies to gain insights into risk factors for the development of non-specific neck pain in office workers as well as to assess the strength of evidence. Publications were systematically searched from 1980 - March 2011 in several databases. The following key words were used: neck pain paired with risk or prognostic factors and office or computer or visual display unit or visual display terminal. Relevant studies were retrieved and assessed for methodological quality by two independent reviewers. The strength of the evidence was based on methodological quality and consistency of the results. Five high-quality and two low-quality prospective cohort studies investigating the predictive value of 47 individual, work-related physical and work-related psychosocial factors for the onset of non-specific neck pain in office workers were included in this review. Strong evidence was found for female gender and previous history of neck complaints to be predictors of the onset of neck pain. Interestingly, for a large number of factors that have been mentioned in the literature as risk factors for neck pain, such as high physical leisure activity, low social support, and high psychosocial stress, we found no predictive value for future neck pain in office workers. Literature with respect to the development of non-specific neck pain in office workers is scant. Only female gender and previous history of neck complaints have been identified as risk factors that predict the onset of neck pain.

As small modular reactors (SMRs) and various computerized operating support systems have been developed, visual display unit(VDU)-based multifunctional consoles have been proposed. The more a console depends on VDUs, the more human system interface (HSI) designers need to consider the decrease in the human performance caused by the effect of navigation tasks. This paper proposes a widget-based alarm recognition and management support interface system to increase the operator’s ability to recognize alarms and to manage alarm-related tasks by reducing additional and excessive navigation tasks. With a small display screen, the system provides operators with quick and accurate access to alarm-related information and allows them to make corrective responses.

The radiation from different types of Visual Display Units (VDU) (that is, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)), projector and interactive screen were examined using a Cell Sensor Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) detection meter. The study revealed that ELF radiation in CRT VDUs is eight (8) times greater than in LCD VDUs. The mean ELF obtained from interactive screen at 30 cm was 1.6 mG and 1.9 mG at start-up and after 3 hours of use respectively with a mean value of 1.03 mG for a distance of 100 cm at start up. The mean ELF radiation from the projector screen at a distance of 10 cm is 0 mG, while that of interactive screen is 2.4 mG at the same distance. Thus, the study suggested that, projector and screen is better than interactive screen when making presentation considering the closeness of user to the interactive screen throughout the course of presentation.

Objectives The impact of wearing lenses on visual and musculoskeletal complaints in VDU workers is currently unknown. The goal of this study was 1) to evaluate the impact of wearing VDU lenses on visual fatigue and self-reported neck pain and disability, compared to progressive lenses, and 2) to measure the effect of both lenses on head inclination and pressure pain thresholds during the performance of a VDU task. Methods Thirty-five eligible subjects were randomly assigned to wear progressive VDU lenses (VDU group) ( n  = 18) or progressive lenses (P group) ( n  = 17). They were enquired about visual complaints (VFQ), self-perceived pain (NRS) and disability (NDI) at baseline (with old lenses), and 1 week, 3 months and 6 months after wearing their new lenses. In addition, Forward Head Angle (FHA) and PPTs were assessed during and after a VDU task before and 6 months after wearing the new lenses. A short questionnaire concerning the satisfaction about the study lenses was completed at the end of the study. Results In both groups, visual fatigue and neck pain was decreased at 3 and 6 months follow up, compared to baseline. All PPTs were higher during the second VDU task, independent of the type of lenses. The VDU group reported a significantly higher suitability of the lenses for VDU work. Conclusion It can be concluded that there is little difference in effect of the different lenses on visual and musculoskeletal comfort. Lenses should be adjusted to the task-specific needs and habits of the participant.

This study describes the selection of controllers in the vacuum distillation unit (VDU) between a model predictive control (MPC) and a proportional-integral (PI) controller by comparing the integral square error (ISE) values. Design of VDU in this simulation is based on modified Metso Automation Inc. scheme. Controlled variables in this study are feed flow rate, feed temperature, top stage pressure, condenser level, bottom stage temperature, LVGO (light vacuum gas oil), MVGO (medium vacuum gas oil), and HVGO (heavy vacuum gas oil) flow rate. As a result, control performance improvements occurred as using MPC compared to PI controllers, when testing a set-point change, of feed flow rate control, feed temperature, top-stage pressure, bottom-stage temperature and flow rate of LVGO, MVGO, and HVGO, respectively, 36%, 6%, 92%, 53%, 90%, 96% and 88%. Only on condenser level control PI performs much better than the MPC. So PI controller is used for level condenser control. While for the test of disturbance rejection, by changing feed flow rate by 10%, there is improvement of control performance using MPC compared to PI controller on feed temperature control, top-stage pressure, bottom-stage temperature and flow rate LVGO, MVGO and HVGO 0.3%, 0.7%, 14%, 2.7%, 10.6% and 4.3%, respectively.

Background: The dramatic increase in visual display units (VDU) in the workplace over a 20-year period is linked to the increased prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).Objectives: The objective of our study was to compare ergonomic risk factors and work-related psychosocial factors in VDU users with and without MSD.Methods: Participants, with and without MSD, working with VDU for more than 4 h a day completed the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model and Over-commitment Questionnaire. The workstation of each participant was assessed for ergonomic risk factors using the Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA).Results: Sixty-eight VDU users with and 68 without MSDs participated. The workstation ergonomic risk factors as measured with the ROSA were similar for the two groups: 4.5 ± 1.0 for the MSD group and 4.3 ± 0.8 for the reference group (p = 0.10). The work-related psychosocial factors, namely over-commitment, were higher in the MSD group (14.9 ± 3.1) than in the reference group (13.8 ± 3.4; p = 0.041).Conclusions: As over-commitment is an indication of intrinsic factors and personal characteristics, the significant difference between the MSD group’s over-commitment score and that of the reference group suggests that interventions to empower individuals are needed.Clinical implications: Physiotherapists should only adjust ergonomic workstation risk factors when established as contributory to MSD, and should be cognisant of work-related or individual psychosocial factors that may impact the patient with MSD. The use of ergonomic advice to patients with MSD should be performed with caution, taking all the work place risk factors for MSD into account.