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"Visual processing"
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The neural correlates of the visual consciousness in schizophrenia: an fMRI study
In the current literature, two distinct and opposite models are suggested to explain the consciousness disorders in schizophrenia. The first one suggests that consciousness disorders rely on a low-level processing deficit, when the second model suggests that consciousness disorders rely on disruption in the ability to consciously access information, with preserved unconscious processing. The current study aims to understand the mechanisms associated with visual consciousness disorder in order to pave the road that will settle the debate regarding these hypotheses. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging session, 19 healthy participants (HC) and 15 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) performed a visual detection task to compare the neural substrates associated with the conscious access to the visual inputs. The visual detection threshold was significantly higher in SCZ than in HC [t(32) = 3.37, p = 0.002]. Whole-brain ANOVA demonstrated that around the visual detection threshold patients with SCZ failed to activate a large network of brain areas compared to HC. (1) During conscious vision, HC engaged more the left cuneus and the right occipital cortex than patients with SCZ, (2) during unconscious vision, HC engaged a large network that patients with SCZ failed to activate, and finally, (3) during the access to consciousness process, patients with SCZ failed to activate the anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest that the consciousness disorders in schizophrenia rely on specific dysfunctions depending on the consciousness stage. The disorders of the conscious vision are associated with dysfunction of occipital areas while the ones associated with unconscious vision rely on a large widespread network. Finally, the conscious access to the visual inputs is impaired by a dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex. The current study suggests that none of the two suggested models can explain consciousness disorders in schizophrenia. We suggest that there is an alternative model supporting that the conscious access to visual inputs is due to a disengagement of the supragenual anterior cingulate during the unconscious processing of the visual inputs associated with a sensory deficit.
Journal Article
The Visual Brain and Peripheral Reading and Writing Disorders
The Visual Brain and Peripheral Reading and Writing Disorders: A Guide to Visual System Dysfunction for Speech-Language Pathologists
familiarizes the reader with the complex workings of the human visual system, the motor and sensory components of normal vision as they relate to the recognition of letters and words, and to the acquisition and rehabilitation of reading and writing.
This text brings together findings from the neuropsychological, neurooptometric, neurolinguistic, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology literature on acquired visual system impairment from the past 20+ years, and the ways visual system dysfunction impacts reading, writing, and cognition.
Chapters Include:
Review of structural elements of the eye, the cortical and subcortical structures of the visual brain, and the motor and sensory components of normal vision
The distinct functions of the three primary visual pathways (central, peripheral and retinotectal) and how they relate to reading and writing
Review of five formal tests of reading and writing that are designed or may be adapted to assess peripheral reading and writing disorders
And much more!
A few of the features inside:
Figures illustrating the various components of the visual brain that are engaged when we read and write
Information on visual system deficits in left hemisphere lesions with and without aphasia
Detailed descriptions of peripheral reading disorders and associated error patterns
Diagnostic criteria for three different types of neglect (viewer-centered, stimulus-centered, object-centered)
Description of treatment materials and methods suited to clients with acquired dyslexia due to visual system dysfunction
The Visual Brain and Peripheral Reading and Writing Disorders
explains the heterogenous nature of peripheral reading and writing disorders, describes the association between visual motor and sensory dysfunction and the acquired dyslexias, and provides the speech-language pathologist with specific guidelines regarding the assessment and treatment of reading and writing disorders associated with visual system dysfunction.
eBook
Alterations in Rapid Social Evaluations in Individuals with High Autism Traits
Typically developing adults with low and high Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores made rapid social evaluations of neutral faces when these were primed by briefly presented emotional faces. High AQ participants rated neutral faces as more threatening than low AQ participants, regardless of the prime condition. Both groups rated target neutral faces as more threatening with fearful compared with neutral primes, while neither group demonstrated an effect of happy primes on the ratings of neutral target faces. These results demonstrate subtle anomalies in rapid visual processing of emotional faces across the broader autism spectrum. They suggest that higher autism traits may be associated with a generalized threat bias in rapid social evaluations.
Journal Article
Regional volume changes of the brain in migraine chronification
The pathophysiology of migraine is complex. Neuroimaging studies reveal functional and structural changes in the brains of migraine patients. We sought to explore regional volume differences in intracranial structures in patients with episodic and chronic migraine. Sixteen episodic migraine patients, 16 chronic migraine patients, and 24 normal controls were recruited and underwent 3.0 T MRI scanning. The volumes of 142 brain regions were calculated by an automatic volumetric algorithm and compared with clinical variables. Results demonstrated that the volumes of specific regions in the frontal and occipital lobes, and the right putamen, were increased and the volume of the fourth ventricle was decreased in the episodic migraine patients compared with controls. The volumes of the left basal forebrain, optic chiasm, and, the fourth ventricle were decreased in the chronic migraine patients, while the occipital cortex and the right putamen were larger. Compared to episodic migraine patiants, chronic migraine patients displayed larger left thalamus and smaller frontal regions. Correlation analysis showed that headache frequency was negatively correlated with the volume of the right frontal pole, right lateral orbital gyrus, and medial frontal lobes and positively correlated with the volume of the left thalamus. The sleep disturbance score was negatively correlated with the volume of the left basal forebrain. This suggests that migraine patients have structural changes in regions associated with pain processing and modulation, affective and cognitive processing, and visual perception. The remodeling of selective intracranial structures may be involved in migraine attacks. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (approval No. S2018-027-02) on May 31, 2018.
Journal Article
Skilled Deaf Readers Have an Enhanced Perceptual Span in Reading
Recent evidence suggests that, compared with hearing people, deaf people have enhanced visual attention to simple stimuli viewed in the parafovea and periphery. Although a large part of reading involves processing the fixated words in foveal vision, readers also utilize information in parafoveal vision to preprocess upcoming words and decide where to look next. In the study reported here, we investigated whether auditory deprivation affects low-level visual processing during reading by comparing the perceptual span of deaf signers who were skilled and less-skilled readers with the perceptual span of skilled hearing readers. Compared with hearing readers, the two groups of deaf readers had a larger perceptual span than would be expected given their reading ability. These results provide the first evidence that deaf readers' enhanced attentional allocation to the parafovea is used during complex cognitive tasks, such as reading.
Journal Article