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Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of nutrition education on Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and anthropometric measurements in individuals who engage in regular exercise. Methods: This study, involving individuals who engaged in regular exercise, was conducted at a sports center between September and November 2024. In this study, one hundred participants received nutrition education, pre-test anthropometric measurements were made on the same day, and 24-hour food consumption records were taken. Post-test anthropometric measurements were taken 30 days after the initial measurement, 24-hour food consumption records were collected, and food consumption was evaluated using Bebis software, while DII was calculated. Results: One month after nutrition education, it was shown that the levels of Vitamin A (U=908; p

Adequate nutrient intake is important for supporting reproductive health. Few studies have examined the role of nutrients for fertility among women, resulting in a critical evidence gap. The aim of this study was to explore the usual intake and prevalence of nutrient inadequacies from foods only and foods plus dietary supplements among women of child bearing age with and without infertility. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a national survey in the United States. Participants included women aged 18-44 years from 2013-2020 with or without infertility (difficulty trying to conceive for at least one-year). The mean usual intakes and prevalence of inadequacy (% < EAR/AI) of key nutrients- vitamins A, B1, B2, niacin, B6, B12, C, D, E, K, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, folate, choline, zinc, selenium, iron, calcium, magnesium, EPA and DHA were determined from 24-hr dietary recalls. Women aged 18-44 years who reported infertility had significantly lower intakes of vitamin A, E and K and lutein and zeaxanthin from foods and foods + supplements compared to women without infertility. Lower intakes of selenium (foods only, 96.6 ug/d vs 100 ug/d), vitamin C (foods only, 66.9 mg/d vs. 74.2 mg/d) and calcium (foods + dietary supplements, 941 mg/d vs. 974 mg/d) were also observed in women reporting infertility. Fewer women with infertility met nutrient requirements. For example, 21.5% of women with infertility were below the EAR for vitamin B6 versus 14.6% of women without infertility and over 50% of those with infertility were below the EAR/AI for vitamins A, C, E, and magnesium and potassium. Differences in nutrient intakes by fertility status were particularly pronounced for women aged 35-44 years. These findings suggest lower intake of key nutrients among women with infertility, especially those aged 35-44. Future studies are needed to understand the implications of nutrient gaps for conception. Across all age groups, and fertility status, gaps in nutrients that are important for overall health were evident, underscoring the need for public health strategies to address broad dietary improvements.

Adequate nutrient intake is important for supporting reproductive health. Few studies have examined the role of nutrients for fertility among women, resulting in a critical evidence gap. The aim of this study was to explore the usual intake and prevalence of nutrient inadequacies from foods only and foods plus dietary supplements among women of child bearing age with and without infertility. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a national survey in the United States. Participants included women aged 18-44 years from 2013-2020 with or without infertility (difficulty trying to conceive for at least one-year). The mean usual intakes and prevalence of inadequacy (% < EAR/AI) of key nutrients- vitamins A, B1, B2, niacin, B6, B12, C, D, E, K, lycopene, lutein + zeaxanthin, folate, choline, zinc, selenium, iron, calcium, magnesium, EPA and DHA were determined from 24-hr dietary recalls. Women aged 18-44 years who reported infertility had significantly lower intakes of vitamin A, E and K and lutein and zeaxanthin from foods and foods + supplements compared to women without infertility. Lower intakes of selenium (foods only, 96.6 ug/d vs 100 ug/d), vitamin C (foods only, 66.9 mg/d vs. 74.2 mg/d) and calcium (foods + dietary supplements, 941 mg/d vs. 974 mg/d) were also observed in women reporting infertility. Fewer women with infertility met nutrient requirements. For example, 21.5% of women with infertility were below the EAR for vitamin B6 versus 14.6% of women without infertility and over 50% of those with infertility were below the EAR/AI for vitamins A, C, E, and magnesium and potassium. Differences in nutrient intakes by fertility status were particularly pronounced for women aged 35-44 years. These findings suggest lower intake of key nutrients among women with infertility, especially those aged 35-44. Future studies are needed to understand the implications of nutrient gaps for conception. Across all age groups, and fertility status, gaps in nutrients that are important for overall health were evident, underscoring the need for public health strategies to address broad dietary improvements.

Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet–gut–thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation.

Background Nutrition in children has an important influence on health both in childhood and adulthood. Actions aimed at improving children’s nutrition are essential, not only to the children and their families, but also to the whole society. The aim of the study was to present the results of nutrient intake before starting a nutrition and physical activity intervention programme, to investigate gender differences in nutrient intake and to discuss whether the preschoolers’ nutrient intake is similar to the intake of their peers from other countries. Methods Nutrient intake was estimated from seven-day weighed food records kept by parents and preschool staff individually for 122 4–6-year-old children who attended two preschools in Piła, north-western Poland. Nutrient intake was calculated using Dieta 4.0 computer programme including water intake and intake of nutrients from dietary supplements. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics computer programme, version 21.0, according to gender. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences (reference number 886/08). Results Boys, in comparison to girls, were found to have statistically significantly higher intakes of total protein, total protein per kg of body weight, saturated fatty acids, total carbohydrates, available carbohydrates, lactose, sucrose, total water, vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin B 2 , vitamin B 12 , vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Statistically significantly higher percentage of girls than boys had intakes of vitamin E below AI. Conclusions Gender was a significant factor of nutrient intake in the studied preschool children. The main nutritional concerns in the studied preschoolers’ diets, irrespective of gender, are typical of the diets of preschool children from various parts of Europe and indicate the need to work out common nutritional strategies to improve preschoolers’ nutrition across Europe to reduce future burden of diet-related diseases to the European societies.

Background Vitamin A is essential for physiological processes like vision and immunity. Vitamin A’s effect on gut microbiome composition, which affects absorption and metabolism of other vitamins, is still unknown. Here we examined the relationship between gut metagenome composition and six vitamin A-related metabolites (two retinoid: -retinol, 4 oxoretinoic acid (oxoRA) and four carotenoid metabolites, including beta-cryptoxanthin and three carotene diols). Methods We included 1053 individuals from the TwinsUK cohort with vitamin A-related metabolites measured in serum and faeces, diet history, and gut microbiome composition assessed by shotgun metagenome sequencing. Results were replicated in 327 women from the ZOE PREDICT-1 study. Results Five vitamin A-related serum metabolites were positively correlated with microbiome alpha diversity ( r  = 0.15 to r  = 0.20, p  < 4 × 10 −6 ). Carotenoid compounds were positively correlated with the short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Coprococcus eutactus. Retinol was not associated with any microbial species. We found that gut microbiome composition could predict circulating levels of carotenoids and oxoretinoic acid with AUCs ranging from 0.66 to 0.74 using random forest models, but not retinol (AUC = 0.52). The healthy eating index (HEI) was strongly associated with gut microbiome diversity and with all carotenoid compounds, but not retinoids. We investigated the mediating role of carotenoid compounds on the effect of a healthy diet (HEI) on gut microbiome diversity, finding that carotenoids significantly mediated between 18 and 25% of the effect of HEI on gut microbiome alpha diversity. Conclusions Our results show strong links between circulating carotene compounds and gut microbiome composition and potential links to a healthy diet pattern.

Melasma is a persistent condition characterized by excessive melanin production in the skin. The management of melasma necessitates a protracted treatment duration, which is associated with diminished levels of patient satisfaction. One effective strategy for mitigating occurrence of melasma is consumption of nutricosmetics with depigmentation properties. The present review aimed to investigate the potential of red fruit as a depigmentation agent. Carotenoids serve a crucial role in human nutrition as a precursor to vitamin A. Carotenoids serve as scavengers of reactive oxygen species generated by ultraviolet radiation. Carotenoids promote skin health. Red fruit, a fruit originating from Papua (Indonesia) has anti-pigmentation properties associated with its ability to block melanogenesis through various protein pathways such as PKA, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways. The consumption of food rich in carotenoids, such as red fruit, has advantageous properties to reduce hyperpigmentation and skin brightening.

In the last century, vitamin A was identified that included the nutritional relevant vitamin A1 / provitamin A1, as well as the vitamin A2 pathway concept. Globally, nutritional guidelines have focused on vitamin A1 with simplified recommendations and calculations based solely on vitamin A. The vitamin A / provitamin A terminology described vitamin A with respect to acting as a precursor of 11- cis -retinal, the chromophore of the visual pigment, as well as retinoic acid(s), being ligand(s) of the nuclear hormone receptors retinoic acid receptors (RARs) α, β and γ. All- trans -retinoic acid was conclusively shown to be the endogenous RAR ligand, while the concept of its isomer 9- cis -retinoic acid, being “the” endogenous ligand of the retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), remained inconclusive. Recently, 9- cis -13,14-dihydroretinoic acid was conclusively reported as an endogenous RXR ligand, and a direct nutritional precursor was postulated in 2018 and further confirmed by Rühl, Krezel and de Lera in 2021. This was further termed vitamin A5/X / provitamin A5/X. In this review, a new vitamin A5/X / provitamin A5/X concept is conceptualized in parallel to the vitamin A(1) / provitamin A(1) concept for daily dietary intake and towards dietary guidelines, with a focus on the existing national and international regulations for the physiological and nutritional relevance of vitamin A5/X. The aim of this review is to summarize available evidence and to emphasize gaps of knowledge regarding vitamin A5/X, based on new and older studies and proposed future directions as well as to stimulate and propose adapted nutritional regulations.

Background The micronutrient content in standard enteral mixtures should be closer to the dietary reference values for a healthy population since standard enteral diets are formulated for subjects with no special nutritional needs. This study compares the micronutrient content of the most common enteral nutrition (EN) formulas with European dietary reference values (DRVs) for healthy population. Findings Sixty-two nutritionally complete enteral formulas were considered. The micronutrient content was calculated by multiplying the value reported on the nutritional information panel of each formula by the daily dose usually prescribed. The comparison between the micronutrient content of all enteral formulas evaluated and the DRVs indicates that daily fluoride and vitamin K requirements were not covered, while an oversupply of many other micronutrients was provided. Moreover, in some enteral formulas, at a dose of 2000 Kcal/day, zinc and vitamin A content exceeded the tolerable upper limits and, for one diabetes-specific enteral formula, the chromium content exceeded the relevant European standards in both 1500 and 2000 Kcal/day diets. Conclusions Most enteral formulas evaluated are generally suitable for patients on long-term total EN and formulas with higher content of a specific micronutrient may be a useful tool for patients affected by specific clinical conditions, at least for a period of time, then switching to standard enteral mixtures. The availability of nutritional enteral formulas, well balanced also for micronutrient intake, will further improve individualized treatments, particularly for patients on long-term total EN.

Background: Foundational learning spaces in South Africa, designed to nurture growth and development, continue to grapple with malnutrition, a persistent barrier to the health, cognitive potential, and wellbeing of preschool-aged children, amidst a nutrition transition. Aim: This study assessed dietary diversity, nutritional status, and their associations among children aged 2–5 years attending funded Early Learning Centres (ELCs) in Johannesburg (Region C). Methods: Using systematic random sampling across 33 nutrition-funded ELCs in Region C, we assessed the nutritional status of children aged 2–5 years with WHO Anthro software (z-score cut-offs for undernutrition: stunting, underweight, thinness; overnutrition: overweight, obesity). Dietary diversity scores (DDSs) were derived from a 24 h recall of 16 food groups, classified by primary nutrient contributions (some groups spanning multiple classes), and categorized as low (≤8) or normal (≥9). Associations between DDS and nutritional indicators were analyzed using Poisson regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs). Results: Despite structured feeding practices, all ELCs reported inadequate nutritional funding, prompting calls for dietitian support. While 27% sourced groceries from wholesalers, most relied on supermarkets and spaza shops; all had cooking infrastructure, but only 12% had food gardens, and 88% expressed interest in establishing them to improve dietary diversity. The mean DDS was 9.47 (±1.07), and 83% of children had a normal DDS (≥9), with common consumption of cereals (100%), vitamin A-rich vegetables (100%), oils (100%), and leafy greens (96%), but limited intake of protein-rich foods like eggs (7%), legumes (19%), and fish (37%). A dual burden of malnutrition was observed: 31% of children were stunted and 30% were overweight or obese. Multivariable analysis showed that boys had significantly lower odds of stunting compared to girls (aPR = 0.38; 95%CI: 0.01–0.74), while younger age (aPR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.37–0.85) and low DDS (aPR = −0.15; 95%CI: −0.29–−0.06) were independently associated with increased risk of stunting. Age was positively associated with underweight (aPR = 1.27; 95%CI: 0.58–1.96), and thinness was strongly associated with boys (aPR = 17.00; 95%CI: 15.12–18.74), with a marginal association with age. Conclusions: Integrated nutrition strategies are critical to addressing the dual burden of stunting and being overweight in urban ELCs. Strengthening funding, professional dietetic support, and promoting food gardens can enhance dietary diversity and child health outcomes.