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Background This study aims to investigate the relationship between vitamin B1 intake and cognitive function in older adults. Methods This cross-sectional observational study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014. A total of 2422 participants were included in the analysis, with dietary vitamin B1 intake being determined by averaging two 24-h dietary recalls. Cognitive function was assessed using three cognitive function tests: the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for processing speed, the Animal Fluency Test (AFT) for executive function, a Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) subtest for memory. Test-specific and global cognition z score was created. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the association between vitamin B1 and cognitive function. Results 2422 participants, aged 60 years and older, were included from NHANES across two survey cycles (2011–2014). Higher vitamin B1 intake was associated with higher DSST, AFT scores (P < 0.001) as well as the global cognition z score (P = 0.008). In the fully adjusted model, as compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), the highest quartile (Q4) of vitamin B1 intake was related to higher DSST score (β = 2.23, 95% CI 0.79 ~ 3.67) and global cognition z sore (β = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 ~ 0.16). The association between dietary vitamin B1 intake and cognitive function scores in US adults is linear. There was no detected significant statistical interaction between these variables. Conclusions Increased dietary intake of vitamin B1 was associated with better cognitive function in individuals aged over 60.

Background: Thiamine deficiency requires supplementation to prevent or reverse severe clinical complications. Are supplementation protocols correctly tailored in neurology? Methods: An examination of recommended thiamine supplementation protocols is undertaken. Results: Recommended thiamine levels are much higher than required, reaching a median daily intake and total amount of 7.8-fold and 30.6-fold greater than the whole-body thiamine store, respectively. The high initial intake is often followed by tapering over days or weeks. Conclusions: Thiamine supplementation protocols in neurology mostly recommend far higher doses than those biologically required and could probably be simplified to a single 100 mg dose injected as early as possible.

Vitamin B1 (VB1) is an essential coenzyme for carbohydrate metabolism and involved in energy generation in most organisms. In this study, we found that insufficient biosynthesis of VB1 in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 is a major limiting factor for efficient acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. In order to improve the fermentation performance of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, the VB1 biosynthesis pathway was strengthened by overexpressing the thiC, thiG, and thiE genes. The engineered strain 824(thiCGE) showed enhanced VB1 and energy synthesis, resulting in better growth, faster sugar consumption, higher solvents production, and lower acids formation than the wild-type strain in both VB1 free and normal P2 medium (1 mg/L). Compared with the wild-type strain, 824(thiCGE) produced 13.0 ± 0.1% or 12.7 ± 1.2% more butanol in VB1 free P2 medium when glucose or xylose was used as the substrate, respectively. When mixed sugar (glucose:xylose = 2:1) was used as the substrate in VB1 free P2 medium, the xylose consumption rate and butanol titer of 824(thiCGE) were 45.8 ± 1.9% and 20.4 ± 0.3% higher than those of the wild-type strain. All these results demonstrated that this metabolic engineering strategy could provide a new and effective way to improve the cellular performance of solventogenic clostridia. In addition, it may have some potential application value in ABE fermentation using simple medium and/or lignocellulosic biomass.

(1) Background: vitamin B1 level depletion, known as a beriberi syndrome, can lead to severe cardiovascular complications, from which perimyocarditis fulminans is one of the most severe. (2) Methods: this is a retrospective case study that includes an adult patient with clinical presentations of acute heart failure (HF) symptoms following perimyocarditis on the grounds of thiamine deficiency. (3) Results: A 49-year-old woman presented with acute HF symptoms due to perimyocarditis. The patient suddenly developed refractory cardiogenic shock with metabolic acidosis requiring maximal medical management, including an intra-aortic balloon pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Due to additional peripheral polyneuropathy, beriberi disease was suspected after excluding other possible causes of the patient’s condition. After administration of vitamin B1, clinical improvement in the patient’s condition and the resolution of metabolic abnormalities were observed, which ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of Shoshin syndrome caused by the implementation of a gluten-free diet without indications for its adherence. (4) Conclusions: Fulminant beriberi disease, although considered rare, is a life-threatening condition and should always be included in the differential diagnosis of critically ill patients, notably those with malnutrition. An unbalanced diet can be detrimental and have severe consequences, i.e., perimyocarditis fulminans. However, treatment with thiamine can significantly improve the patient’s cardiac function and restore hemodynamic and metabolic parameters.

In 2023, exceptionally few salmon (Salmo salar) ascended from the Baltic Sea to spawn in the Rivers Tornionjoki and Simojoki, regardless of the proper number of smolts descending to the sea in preceding years. We investigated how the numbers of age-0 and young herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), which are the principal prey species of salmon in the Baltic Proper, the main feeding area of these salmon, as well as the amount of lipid obtained from them and their protein-to-lipid ratio, correlated with the number of returning salmon and the thiamine (vitamin B1) status of spawning salmon. The fewer the 0-year-old herring were and the more abundant were the youngish sprat in the Baltic Proper when the post-smolts arrived there, and the greater the lipid content and lower the protein-to-lipid ratio of the prey fish, the fewer salmon returned to the Rivers Tornionjoki and Simojoki to spawn two years later. The number of returning salmon was lowest with a high ratio of youngish sprat, 1–3 years old, regarding the River Tornionjoki and 1–2 years old regarding the River Simojoki post-smolts, to 0-year-old herring, which were of a suitable size to be the prey for the post-smolts upon their arrival in the Baltic Proper. In 2021, the ratios were lowest due to the record-low number of 0-year-old herring. The poor thiamine status of spawning salmon was also associated with the high lipid content of available prey fish and with the abundance of youngish sprat, which have twice the lipid content of age-0 herring. Our findings parallel the observations in the early 1990s when post-smolt survival declined concurrently with the outbreak of thiamine deficiency, M74. We conclude that consuming high-lipid marine fish reduces the survival of post-smolts and, thus, the number of returning salmon, in addition to causing thiamine deficiency.

Thiamin is a crucial vitamin with a vast variety of anti-oxidative and physiological roles in plants subjected to abiotic stresses. We examined the efficiency of foliar-applied thiamin (50 and 100 mM) on growth, yield quality and key-biochemical characteristics of two cultivars (FD1 and FD3) of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) under water-deficit stress. Water stress at the rate of 50% field capacity (F.C.) markedly decreased the plant biomass, leaf total phenolics and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents. In contrast, drought-induced increase was noted in the leaf [hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2 ), AsA, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), glycinebetaine (GB), total soluble proteins and oxidative defense system in terms of high activities of peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes] and the inflorescence (total phenolics, proline, GB, MDA, H.sub.2 O.sub.2, and activities of SOD and CAT enzymes) characteristics of cauliflower. However, foliar-applied thiamin significantly improved growth and physio-biochemical attributes except leaf and inflorescence MDA and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 contents of both cauliflower cultivars under water stress. Overall, application of thiamin enhanced the plant growth may be associated with suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated antioxidants defense system of cauliflower.

Micronutrients such as vitamins are transferred from lower to higher trophic levels, but no general ecological concept describes the factors regulating this process. Here, we investigated thiamin (thiamine, vitamin B.sub.1 ), which is an example of a metabolically important water-soluble micronutrient. Thiamin is produced by organisms such as bacteria and phytoplankton, and all consumers, such as zooplankton and fish, rely on a continuous intake of thiamin through their diet and possibly from de novo-synthesized thiamin by gut microbiota. A deficiency in thiamin negatively affects reproduction in fish and bird populations worldwide. The aim of this study was to quantify thiamin transfer in a planktonic food web in response to thiamin and/or nutrient addition, using an outdoor mesocosm system (an approximately 1.9 m.sup.3 bag submerged in sea water). These estimates were then compared with literature data on thiamin concentrations at different trophic levels. The results showed that thiamin was rapidly taken up by phytoplankton in both the ambient and nutrient-amended treatments. However, large differences in thiamin concentrations in phytoplankton did not lead to any significant changes in community composition or abundance. Nitrogen addition led to changes in the abundance and community composition of picoplankton and phytoplankton but there were no additional major effects of thiamin addition. Differences in thiamin concentrations in phytoplankton were not detected at the next trophic level in zooplankton. Although the concentrations did not change, a greater abundance of some zooplankton taxa were developed in the thiamin treatments. Comparing the mesocosm results with literature data demonstrated a gradual reduction in thiamin concentrations along the food chain, with six percent of the concentration in producers occurring in top consumers (i.e., piscivorous fish). Overall, these observations illustrate the concept of trophic dilution of micronutrients where concentrations decrease along the food web from phytoplankton via zooplankton and planktivorous fish to piscivorous fish.

In the current work, we first present a simple synthesis method for the preparation of novel Vitamin-B[sub.1] -stabilized few-atomic gold nanoclusters with few atomic layers. The formed nanostructure contains ca. eight Au atoms and shows intensive blue emissions at 450 nm. The absolute quantum yield is 3%. The average lifetime is in the nanosecond range and three main components are separated and assigned to the metal-metal and ligand-metal charge transfers. Based on the structural characterization, the formed clusters contain Au in zero oxidation state, and Vitamin B[sub.1] stabilizes the metal cores via the coordination of pyrimidine-N. The antioxidant property of the Au nanoclusters is more prominent than that of the pure Vitamin B[sub.1] , which is confirmed by two different colorimetric assays. For the investigation into their potential bioactivity, interactions with bovine serum albumin were carried out and quantified. The determined stoichiometry indicates a self-catalyzed binding, which is almost the same value based on the fluorometric and calorimetric measurements. The calculated thermodynamic parameters verify the spontaneous bond of the clusters along the protein chain by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.

Freshwater cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs), often dominated by Aphanizomenon, Dolichospermum, and Microcystis, are intensifying in eutrophic watersheds globally. A potential control on bacterioplankton dynamics in these systems is the availability of the essential metabolic cofactor thiamin (vitamin B.sub.1) and presence of the allelopathic thiamin antagonist bacimethrin, which causes competitive inhibition of thiamin-requiring enzymes. We examined dissolved concentrations of thiamin chemical congeners and bacimethrin, 16S amplicon-based microbiome compositions, prokaryotic mRNA-based metatranscriptomes, and reference genomes in hypereutrophic Upper Klamath Basin before and during seasonal cyanoHABs. Our objective was to connect bacterioplankton community compositions and gene expression patterns with thiamin congener and bacimethrin availability under different cyanoHAB conditions. Bacimethrin was present in all samples at similar concentrations to the thiamin precursor, HMP, suggesting that similar mechanisms influence the availability of both compounds. Additionally, bacimethrin concentrations were positively correlated with cyanoHAB species abundance (cells mL.sup.-1) and the expression of microbial thiamin biosynthesis genes. Samples with high cyanoHAB abundance also displayed elevated transcription of genes in key biochemical pathways such as the pentose phosphate pathway, photosynthesis, and glycogen biosynthesis. Bacterioplankton such as Limnohabitans spp. that are unable to synthesize thiamin, and are thus vulnerable to bacimethrin allelopathy, showed reduced gene expression when cyanoHAB abundance was high. Reference genomes of cyanoHAB and many picocyanobacteria strains contained complete thiamin biosynthesis gene pathways, implicating these taxa as major thiamin sources. These results suggest that bacimethrin provides a competitive advantage to bacterioplankton that do not require exogenous thiamin by eliminating the risk of bacimethrin uptake with thiamin transporters, potentially facilitating cyanoHAB dominance in Upper Klamath Basin and broader eutrophic watersheds.

Damage and regeneration naturally occur in the peripheral nervous system. The neurotropic B vitamins thiamine (B1), pyridoxine (B6), and cobalamin (B12) are key players, which maintain the neuronal viability in different ways. Firstly, they constantly protect nerves against damaging environmental influences. While vitamin B1 acts as a site-directed antioxidant, vitamin B6 balances nerve metabolism, and vitamin B12 maintains myelin sheaths. However, nerve injury occurs at times, because of an imbalance between protective factors and accumulating stress and noxae. This will result in the so-called Wallerian degeneration process. The presence of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 paves the way out to the following important regeneration by supporting the development of new cell structures. Furthermore, vitamin B1 facilitates the usage of carbohydrates for energy production, whereas vitamin B12 promotes nerve cell survival and remyelination. Absence of these vitamins will favor permanent nerve degeneration and pain, eventually leading to peripheral neuropathy.