Explore the vast range of titles available.

In a study involving 51 patients with electronic-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury in 16 states across the United States, vitamin E acetate was detected in samples of bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid from 94% of the patients but not in samples from a healthy comparator group.

In this study, investigators developed a mouse model of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury. They showed that in these mice, vitamin E acetate induced lung injury that had many similarities to what has been seen in human cases.

Colostrum, the initial milk produced by mammals after giving birth, has evolved to serve as a primary rich source of essential nutrients for newborns. However, there are considerable changes in nutrient composition from colostrum to mature milk. Colostrum and transition milk have specific fat-soluble vitamin levels, fat level, and fatty acid (FA) composition compared to mature milk, and this unique fatty acid composition of colostrum may reflect the physiological needs of newborn calves. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the FA profile and levels of vitamins A and E from colostrum to mature milk. Colostrum or milk samples from the 1 st (colostrum), 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 5 th , 6 th , and 13 th (as a sample of mature milk) milking were collected from 10 multiparous Danish Holstein cows. The level of vitamin A was significantly affected by milking time ( p < 0.001), with the highest level in the colostrum (2.3) and the lowest in mature milk (0.5 µg/g). Vitamin E level was significantly affected by milking time ( p < 0.001), with the highest level in the colostrum (14.8) and the lowest in mature milk (1.8 µg/g). The proportion of C16:0 FA decreased from colostrum to mature milk while the proportion of C18:0 FA increased from the colostrum to mature milk. The proportion of n-6 FA (C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, and C22:5n-6) decreased from colostrum to mature milk ( p < 0.001 for all FA). However, the proportion of C18:3n-3 FA increased from colostrum (3.0) to mature milk (5.9 g/kg of FA; p < 0.001), while proportions of C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 FA decreased from colostrum to mature milk ( p < 0.001 for all FA). The proportion of trans 18:1n-10 ( p = 0.005) and trans 18:1n-11 ( p < 0.001) was affected by milking time and increased from colostrum to mature milk. In conclusion, there is a considerable higher vitamin A and E levels in colostrum compared to mature milk, and vitamin A and E levels were reduced from colostrum to mature milk. Additionally, there were significant changes in the FA profile from colostrum to mature milk, with an increase in C18:3n-3 FA and a decrease in C18:2n-6 FA.

Encapsulated fat-soluble powders containing vitamin A (VA) and E (VE) were prepared as a feasible additive for extruded feed products. The effect of the encapsulating agents (Capsul-CAP®, sodium caseinate-SC) in combination with Tween 80 (TW) as an emulsifier and maltodextrin (MD) as a wall material on the physicochemical properties of emulsions and powders was evaluated. First, nanoemulsions containing MD:CAP:TW:VA/VE and MD:SC:TW:VA/VE were prepared and characterized. Then, powders were obtained by means of spray-drying and analyzed in terms of the product yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, porosity, surface morphology, chemical structure, and thermal properties and thermo-oxidative/thermal stability. Results showed that although nanoemulsions were obtained for all the compositions, homogeneous microcapsules were found after the drying process. High product yield and encapsulation efficiency were obtained, and the presence of the vitamins was corroborated. The characteristics of the powders were mainly influenced by the encapsulating agent used and also by the type of vitamin. In general, the microcapsules remained thermally stable up to 170 °C and, therefore, the proposed encapsulation systems for vitamins A and E were suitable for the preparation of additives for the feed manufacturing through the extrusion process.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the drying method (freeze-drying, air-drying), storage period (12 months), and storage conditions (2–4 °C, 18–22 °C) applied to two legume species: green beans and green peas. The raw and dried materials were determined for selected physical parameters typical of dried vegetables, contents of bioactive components (vitamin C and E, total chlorophyll, total carotenoids, β-carotene, and total polyphenols), antioxidative activity against the DPPH radical, and sensory attributes (overall quality and profiles of color, texture, and palatability). Green beans had a significantly higher content of bioactive components compared to peas. Freeze-drying and cold storage conditions facilitated better retention of these compounds, i.e., by 9–39% and 3–11%, respectively. After 12 months of storage, higher retention of bioactive components, except for total chlorophyll, was determined in peas regardless of the drying method, i.e., by 38–75% in the freeze-dried product and 30–77% in the air-dried product, compared to the raw material.

A new analytical approach to the simultaneous identification and quantification of vitamins A and E in three representative matrices (Parmesan, spinach, and almonds) was developed. The analyses were based on high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-VIS/DAD detection. The procedure was optimized by a significant reduction in the weight of the tested products and quantities of reagents added during the saponification and extraction stages. A full method validation study was performed for retinol at two concentration levels (LOQ and 200 × LOQ), which showed satisfactory results, with recoveries ranging from 98.8 to 110.1%, and an average CV of 8.9%. Linearity was tested in the range of 1–500 µg/mL and showed the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.999. The satisfactory recovery and precision parameters were achieved for α-tocopherol (LOQ and 500 × LOQ) in the range of 70.6–143.2%, with a mean CV equal to 6.5%. The observed linearity for this analyte in the concentration range of 1.06–532.0 µg/mL was R2 = 0.999. The average extended uncertainties were estimated, using a top–down approach of 15.9% and 17.6% for vitamin E and A, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine vitamins in 15 commercial samples.

Electronic-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a syndrome of acute respiratory failure characterized by monocytic and neutrophilic alveolar inflammation. Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests a role of vitamin E acetate (VEA) in the development of EVALI, yet it remains unclear whether VEA has direct pulmonary toxicity. To test the hypotheses that aerosolized VEA causes lung injury in mice and directly injures human alveolar epithelial cells, we exposed adult mice and primary human alveolar epithelial type II (AT II) cells to an aerosol of VEA generated by a device designed for vaping oils. Outcome measures in mice included lung edema, BAL analysis, histology, and inflammatory cytokines; outcomes included cell death, cytokine release, cellular uptake of VEA, and gene-expression analysis. Comparison exposures in both models included the popular nicotine-containing JUUL aerosol. We discovered that VEA caused dose-dependent increases in lung water and BAL protein compared with control and JUUL-exposed mice in association with increased BAL neutrophils, oil-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and inflammatory cytokines. VEA aerosol was also toxic to AT II cells, causing increased cell death and the release of monocyte and neutrophil chemokines. VEA was directly absorbed by AT II cells, resulting in the differential gene expression of several inflammatory biological pathways. Given the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the EVALI outbreak, these results suggest that VEA plays an important causal role.

Vitamins are the essential elements for human life and, particularly, for infant health. Human milk is the best source of nutrients for newborns, however, the information of vitamins in Asian maternal milk is still limited. In this study, we have collected 580 Asian maternal milk samples from Korea (n = 254), China (n = 137), Pakistan (n = 92), and Vietnam (n = 97). The vitamin concentrations, including vitamin B-groups (8 vitamins), fat-soluble vitamin (retinol, D, E, K) and lutein in the breast milk of were investigated. The concentration of thiamin (B1), biotin (B7), and folic acid (B9) in mother’s milk of four countries were not considerably different, while riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and pyridoxine (B6) level in Vietnam samples were significantly lower than those in other countries. In contrast, retinol (A) and tocopherol (E) were found to be higher levels in Vietnamese maternal milk. Korean and Chinese maternal milk had low concentrations of retinol that may cause vitamin A deficiency in children. However, Chinese mother’s milk was distinguished with a high concentration of lutein. Pakistani mother’s milk was observed as having a significant problem of folic acid (B9) deficiency. Regardless of the country, vitamin B12, K, and D did not seem to be provided sufficiently through maternal milk. The moderate positive correlations were found between vitamin concentrations in each country and the pooled sample. The data obtained in this study were able to provide vital information to assess the nutritional status of breast milk in Asian countries and contributed to the efforts of ensuring the best nutrition for Asian children.

The present review aimed to quantify the association of dietary intake and circulating concentration of major dietary antioxidants with risk of total CVD mortality. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic search in PubMed and Scopus, up to October 2017.ParticipantsProspective observational studies reporting risk estimates of CVD mortality across three or more categories of dietary intakes and/or circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. A total of fifteen prospective cohort studies and three prospective evaluations within interventional studies (320 548 participants and 16 974 cases) were analysed. The relative risks of CVD mortality for the highest v. the lowest category of antioxidant intakes were as follows: vitamin C, 0·79 (95 % CI 0·68, 0·89; I 2=46 %, n 10); vitamin E, 0·91 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·03; I 2=51 %, n 8); β-carotene, 0·89 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·05; I 2=34 %, n 4). The relative risks for circulating concentrations were: vitamin C, 0·60 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·78; I 2=65 %, n 6); α-tocopherol, 0·82 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·88; I 2=0 %, n 5); β-carotene, 0·68 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·83; I 2=50 %, n 6). Dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated that the circulating biomarkers of antioxidants were more strongly associated with risk of CVD mortality than dietary intakes. The present meta-analysis demonstrates that higher vitamin C intake and higher circulating concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene are associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most widely consumed plant food by humans. Its tubers are rich in starch and vitamin C, but have low or null levels of essential nutrients such as provitamin A and vitamin E. Transformation of potato with a bacterial mini-pathway for β-carotene in a tuber-specific manner results in a \"golden\" potato (GP) tuber phenotype resulting from accumulation of provitamin A carotenoids (α- and β-carotene) and xanthophylls. Here, we investigated the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E as α-tocopherol (αTC) in boiled wild type and golden tubers using in vitro digestion. Golden tubers contained up to 91 μg provitamin A carotenes (PAC)/g D, increased levels of xanthophylls, phytoene and phytofluene, as well as up to 78 μg vitamin E/g DW. Cubes from wild type and GP tubers were boiled and subjected to simulated digestion to estimate bioaccessibility of carotenoids and αTC. Retention in boiled GPs exceeded 80% for β-carotene (βC), α-carotene (αC), lutein, phytoene ± and αTC, but less than 50% for phytofluene. The efficiency of partitioning of total βC, αC, E-lutein, phytoene, phytofluene and αTC in the mixed micelle fraction during small intestinal digestion was influenced by genotype, tuber content and hydrophobicity. Apical uptake of the compounds that partitioned in mixed micelles by monolayers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells during incubation for 4h was 14-20% for provitamin A and xanthophylls, 43-45% for phytoene, 23-27% for phytofluene, and 53% for αTC. These results suggest that a 150 g serving of boiled golden potatoes has the potential to contribute 42% and 23% of the daily requirement of retinol activity equivalents (RAE), as well as 34 and 17% of the daily vitamin E requirement for children and women of reproductive age, respectively.