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The science of a volcanic eruption
This book examines notable volcanic eruptions in history, explains why volcanoes erupt, and shows how scientists are working to understand and predict eruptions.
Book
The layering construction of the three-dimensional
Establishment of geological model in volcanic area is challenging owing to lack of borehole data and the effect of volcanic activity on rock distribution. Taking full advantage of the existing complete volcanic landforms and recognized for seven eruptive cycles in Wudalianchi volcanic area, here we apply a layered approach to build geological models for meeting rapid development of agriculture and understanding the evolution of regional geological structure. Based on the volcanic eruption cycle, the stratas in Wudalianchi volcanic area are divided into four layers. UGrid (unstructured grid in GMS) is used combining with DEM data to hierarchically build 3D geological structure model of volcanic area, which realize the visualization of regional stratigraphic distribution, and the reliability of the model is verified by the formation mechanisms of different types springs. The stratified modeling provides a scientific and effective mean for the reconstruction of geological structure in volcanic areas where the data are short and the stratigraphic distribution is complex. The 3D geological structure model established can lay a foundation for the prediction, evaluation and sustainable use of regional groundwater, geothermy, mineral water and mineral mud resources.
Journal Article
Measuring volcanic activity
\"Find out how scientists measure volcanic activity by following along with this exciting story.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing
Volcanic eruptions are common, with more than 50 volcanic eruptions in the United States alone in the past 31 years. These eruptions can have devastating economic and social consequences, even at great distances from the volcano. Fortunately many eruptions are preceded by unrest that can be detected using ground, airborne, and spaceborne instruments. Data from these instruments, combined with basic understanding of how volcanoes work, form the basis for forecasting eruptions-where, when, how big, how long, and the consequences.
Accurate forecasts of the likelihood and magnitude of an eruption in a specified timeframe are rooted in a scientific understanding of the processes that govern the storage, ascent, and eruption of magma. Yet our understanding of volcanic systems is incomplete and biased by the limited number of volcanoes and eruption styles observed with advanced instrumentation. Volcanic Eruptions and Their Repose, Unrest, Precursors, and Timing identifies key science questions, research and observation priorities, and approaches for building a volcano science community capable of tackling them. This report presents goals for making major advances in volcano science.
eBook
Will it blow? ; become a volcano detective at Mount St. Helens
\"This book is an update to a title published in 2007. Mount St. Helens is constantly erupting. It is pushing up a ridge of thick lava that is rebuilding the peak of the mountain that was blown off in 1980. The mountain is being monitored by geologists and volcanologists, all trying to answer the same question: Will it blow? Science is like detective work, and author Elizabeth Rusch presents the work of volcanology in a series of cases that need to be cracked, with Mount St. Helens as the central culprit, a master disguises, adept at sending out false clues. But through an understanding of earthquakes, gases that come from underground, infrared measurement of the earth's temperature, bumps and deformations on the surface of the earth, and kind of rock that is being formed in the crater, readers become volcano detectives. With sidebars about the latest gadgets and gizmos employed at the mountain and activities kids can enact, young people will learn the current science of volcanology and have fun at the same time.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The layering construction of the three-dimensional (3D) geological model for Wudalianchi volcanic area, Northeast China
Establishment of geological model in volcanic area is challenging owing to lack of borehole data and the effect of volcanic activity on rock distribution. Taking full advantage of the existing complete volcanic landforms and recognized for seven eruptive cycles in Wudalianchi volcanic area, here we apply a layered approach to build geological models for meeting rapid development of agriculture and understanding the evolution of regional geological structure. Based on the volcanic eruption cycle, the stratas in Wudalianchi volcanic area are divided into four layers. UGrid (unstructured grid in GMS) is used combining with DEM data to hierarchically build 3D geological structure model of volcanic area, which realize the visualization of regional stratigraphic distribution, and the reliability of the model is verified by the formation mechanisms of different types springs. The stratified modeling provides a scientific and effective mean for the reconstruction of geological structure in volcanic areas where the data are short and the stratigraphic distribution is complex. The 3D geological structure model established can lay a foundation for the prediction, evaluation and sustainable use of regional groundwater, geothermy, mineral water and mineral mud resources.
Journal Article
Development of a high-performance seismic phase picker using deep learning in the Hakone volcanic area
In volcanic regions, active earthquake swarms often occur in association with volcanic activity, and their rapid detection and analysis are crucial for volcano disaster prevention. Currently, these processes are ultimately left to human judgment and require significant time and money, making detailed real-time verification impossible. To overcome this issue, we attempted to apply machine learning, which has been successfully applied to various seismological fields to date. For seismic phase pick, several models have already been trained using a large amount of training data (mainly crustal earthquakes). Although there are some cases in which these models can be applied without any problems, regional dependence on pre-trained models has been reported. Since this study targets earthquakes in a volcanic region, applying existing pre-trained models may be difficult. Therefore, in this study, we compared three models; the publicly available trained model (model 0), a model which was trained with approximately 220,000 P- and S-wave onset reading data recorded at the Hakone volcano from 1999 to 2020 with initialized parameters (model 1) using the same architecture, and a model fine-tuned with the aforementioned Hakone data using the parameters of model 0 as initial values (model 2), and evaluated their phase identification performance for the Hakone data. As a result, the seismic phase detection rates of models 1 and 2 were much higher than those of model 0. However, small-amplitude signals are often missed when multiple seismic events occur within a detection time window. Therefore, we created training data with two earthquakes in the same time window, retrained the model using the data, and successfully detected events that previously would have been missed. In addition, it was found that more events were detected by setting the threshold to a low probability value for detection, increasing the number of seismic phase detections, and filtering by phase association and hypocenter location.
Journal Article
The new science of volcanoes harnesses AI, satellites and gas sensors to forecast eruptions
Forty years after the Mount St Helens eruption galvanized volcano researchers, they are using powerful new tools to spy on the world’s most dangerous mountains.
AI, satellites and tiny gas sensors are powering a revolution in volcano science
Forty years after the Mount St Helens eruption galvanized volcano researchers, they are using powerful new tools to spy on the world’s most dangerous mountains.
Journal Article