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First results of SO.sub.2 columns from FY-3F/OMS instrument observations
Atmospheric SO.sub.2 has a significant impact on the urban environment and on global climate. Remote sensing provides an unprecedented tool for the continuous and real-time monitoring of atmospheric SO.sub.2 from volcanic eruptions and anthropogenic emissions. The Ozone Monitoring Suite (OMS) onboard the Chinese FENGYUN-3F (FY-3F) satellite launched in August 2023 is a new hyperspectral UV-VIS instrument in the FY-3 family of satellites, aiming to obtain information about atmospheric trace gases. In this study, we use the OMS Nadir (OMS-N) top-of-atmosphere (TOA) measurements and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) inversion to for the first time retrieve global SO.sub.2 columns from these measurements. Based on the characteristics of the OMS instrument and the performance of its L1 data, specific schemes including solar spectrum selection, spectral soft calibration, and background offset correction were developed to effectively reduce along-track stripes and across-track asymmetry found in the raw OMS SO.sub.2 retrievals. The accuracy of FY-3F/OMS SO.sub.2 retrievals was evaluated by comparing them with the DOAS and COvariance-Based Retrieval Algorithm (COBRA) SO.sub.2 products from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) over three typical areas: clean oceanic regions, volcanic eruption regions, and anthropogenic emission regions. The results indicate that the OMS SO.sub.2 retrievals exhibit good stability over clean oceanic regions (with a precision of approximately 0.15 DU), successfully capture volcanic SO.sub.2 plumes, and effectively detect the elevated SO.sub.2 columns from anthropogenic emissions in regions such as the Middle East, Eastern India, and Northern Russia. Detector non-uniformity and Air mass factor (AMF) uncertainty remains the primary error source of this first version of OMS SO.sub.2 retrievals. This study is the first to present SO.sub.2 retrievals from FY-3F/OMS observations, which is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of OMS's capability in SO.sub.2 retrievals.
Journal Article
Eruptions that shook the world
\"What does it take for a volcanic eruption to really shake the world? Did volcanic eruptions extinguish the dinosaurs, or help humans to evolve, only to decimate their populations with a super-eruption 73,000 years ago? Did they contribute to the ebb and flow of ancient empires, the French Revolution and the rise of fascism in Europe in the 19th century? These are some of the claims made for volcanic cataclysm. Volcanologist Clive Oppenheimer explores rich geological, historical, archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records (such as ice cores and tree rings) to tell the stories behind some of the greatest volcanic events of the past quarter of a billion years. He shows how a forensic approach to volcanology reveals the richness and complexity behind cause and effect, and argues that important lessons for future catastrophe risk management can be drawn from understanding events that took place even at the dawn of human origins\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Ecological Speciation in Nolina parviflora
The hypothesis of ecological speciation states that as populations diverge in different niches, reproductive isolation evolves as a by-product of adaptation to these different environments. In this context, we used Nolina parviflora as a model to test if this species evolved via ecological speciation and to explore current and historical gene flow among its populations. Nolina parviflora is a montane species endemic to Mexico with its geographical distribution restricted largely to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. This mountain range is one of the most complex geological regions in Mexico, having undergone volcanism from the mid-Miocene to the present. Ecologically, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt possesses different types of vegetation, including tropical dry forest; oak, pine, pine-oak, and pine-juniper forests; and xerophytic scrub - all of which maintain populations of N. parviflora. Using species distribution models, climatic analyses, spatial connectivity and morphological comparisons, we found significant differences in climatic and morphological variables between populations of N. parviflora in two distinct Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt regions (east vs. west). This could mean that the geographically isolated populations diverged from one another via niche divergence, indicating ecological speciation. Spatial connectivity analysis revealed no connectivity between these regions under the present or last glacial maximum climate models, indicating a lack of gene flow between the populations of the two regions. The results imply that these populations may encompass more than a single species.
Journal Article
The science of a volcanic eruption
This book examines notable volcanic eruptions in history, explains why volcanoes erupt, and shows how scientists are working to understand and predict eruptions.
Book
Social sensing a volcanic eruption: application to KÄ«lauea, 2018
Protecting lives and livelihoods during volcanic eruptions is the key challenge in volcanology, conducted primarily by volcano monitoring and emergency management organisations, but it is complicated by scarce knowledge of how communities respond in times of crisis. Social sensing is a rapidly developing practice that can be adapted for volcanology. Here we use social sensing of Twitter (currently known as X) posts to track changes in social action and reaction throughout the 2018 eruption of KÄ«lauea on the island of Hawai`i. The volume of relevant posts very rapidly increases in early May, coincident with the beginning of the eruption; automated sentiment analysis shows a simultaneous shift towards more negative emotions being expressed in post text. Substantial negative trends in sentiment are evident in reaction to high-impact events, including the destruction of a popular residential area and injuries sustained by tourists viewing the eruption. Topics of local Twitter conversation reveal societal actions, including the sharing of hazard warnings, mitigation actions, and aid announcements. Temporal trends in societal actions reflect patterns in volcanic activity (e.g. the peak and waning of eruptive activity), civil protection actions (e.g. risk mitigation actions and the communication of official warnings), and socioeconomic pressures (e.g. the destruction of homes). Local tweets detailing eruption damage and disruption display a similar temporal trend to independent estimates of the number of buildings in contact with lava. We show how hazard and risk information is discussed and reacted to on Twitter, which helps inform our understanding of community response actions and aids situational awareness, and outline how our approach could be adapted for use in real time.
Journal Article
Measuring volcanic activity
\"Find out how scientists measure volcanic activity by following along with this exciting story.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A Paleogene extensional arc flare-up in Iran
Arc volcanism across Iran is dominated by a Paleogene pulse, despite protracted and presumably continuous subduction along the northern margin of the Neotethyan ocean for most of Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. New U‐Pb and 40Ar/39Ar data from volcanic arcs in central and northern Iran constrain the duration of the pulse to ∼17 Myr, roughly 10% of the total duration of arc magmatism. Late Paleocene‐Eocene volcanic rocks erupted during this flare‐up have major and trace element characteristics that are typical of continental arc magmatism, whereas the chemical composition of limited Oligocene basalts in the Urumieh‐Dokhtar belt and the Alborz Mountains which were erupted after the flare‐up ended are more consistent with derivation from the asthenosphere. Together with the recent recognition of Eocene metamorphic core complexes in central and east central Iran, stratigraphic evidence of Eocene subsidence, and descriptions of Paleogene normal faulting, these geochemical and geochronological data suggest that the late Paleocene‐Eocene magmatic flare‐up was extension related. We propose a tectonic model that attributes the flare‐up to decompression melting of lithospheric mantle hydrated by slab‐derived fluids, followed by Oligocene upwelling and melting of enriched mantle that was less extensively modified by hydrous fluids. We suggest that Paleogene magmatism and extension was driven by an episode of slab retreat or slab rollback following a Cretaceous period of flat slab subduction, analogous to the Laramide and post‐Laramide evolution of the western United States. Key Points Iranian arc volcanism is dominated by a Paleogene flare‐up The volcanic flare‐up overlaps in time with a phase of extensional tectonism The extensional flare‐up is ascribed to Neotethyan slab rollback
Journal Article
Improved estimation of volcanic SO.sub.2 injections from satellite retrievals and Lagrangian transport simulations: the 2019 Raikoke eruption
Monitoring and modeling of volcanic plumes are important for understanding the impact of volcanic activity on climate and for practical concerns, such as aviation safety or public health. Here, we apply the Lagrangian transport model Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) to estimate the SO.sub.2 injections into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by the eruption of the Raikoke volcano (48.29.sup.\" N, 153.25.sup.\" E) in June 2019 and its subsequent long-range transport and dispersion. First, we used SO.sub.2 retrievals from the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) and TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) satellite instruments together with a backward trajectory approach to estimate the altitude-resolved SO.sub.2 injection time series. Second, we applied a scaling factor to the initial estimate of the SO.sub.2 mass and added an exponential decay to simulate the time evolution of the total SO.sub.2 mass. By comparing the estimated SO.sub.2 mass and the mass from TROPOMI retrievals, we show that the volcano injected 2.1 ± 0.2 Tg SO.sub.2, and the e-folding lifetime of the SO.sub.2 was about 13 to 17 d. The reconstructed SO.sub.2 injection time series are consistent between using the AIRS nighttime and the TROPOMI daytime products. Further, we compared forward transport simulations that were initialized by AIRS and TROPOMI SO.sub.2 products with a constant SO.sub.2 injection rate. The results show that the modeled SO.sub.2 change, driven by chemical reactions, captures the SO.sub.2 mass variations from TROPOMI retrievals. In addition, the forward simulations reproduce the SO.sub.2 distributions in the first â¼10 d after the eruption. However, diffusion in the forward simulations is too strong to capture the internal structure of the SO.sub.2 clouds, which is further quantified in the simulation of the compact SO.sub.2 cloud from late July to early August. Our study demonstrates the potential of using combined nadir satellite retrievals and Lagrangian transport simulations to further improve SO.sub.2 time- and height-resolved injection estimates of volcanic eruptions.
Journal Article