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Defines volume and describes how it is measured.

An analysis of 16 health-related quantitative traits in approximately 350,000 individuals reveals statistically significant associations between genome-wide homozygosity and four complex traits (height, lung function, cognitive ability and educational attainment); in each case increased homozygosity associates with a decreased trait value, but no evidence was seen of an influence on blood pressure, cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Parental relatedness link to height and intelligence This consortium meta-analysis of 102 cohorts and more than 350,000 individuals investigates the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity, ROH), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Focusing on 16 health-related quantitative traits, the authors find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in a second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment. In each case increased homozygosity associates with decreased trait value. No evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders 1 , and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness 2 . However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power 3 , 4 . Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment ( P < 1 × 10 −300 , 2.1 × 10 −6 , 2.5 × 10 −10 and 1.8 × 10 −10 , respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months’ less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples 5 , 6 , no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection 7 , this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

\"Word Problems: Mass and Volume uses an engaging narrative and authentic, real-world problems to teach readers strategies to solve one-step word problems involving mass and volume. The text models the problem-solving process for readers and provides hands-on opportunities for readers to apply their own problem-solving skills. Readers will discover that there is often more than one way to solve a problem\"-- Provided by publisher.

Lung volume reduction surgery improves survival in selected patients with emphysema, and has generated interest in bronchoscopic approaches that might achieve the same effect with less morbidity and mortality. Previous trials with endobronchial valves have yielded modest group benefits because when collateral ventilation is present it prevents lobar atelectasis. We did a single-centre, double-blind sham-controlled trial in patients with both heterogeneous emphysema and a target lobe with intact interlobar fissures on CT of the thorax. We enrolled stable outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of less than 50% predicted, significant hyperinflation (total lung capacity >100% and residual volume >150%), a restricted exercise capacity (6 min walking distance <450 m), and substantial breathlessness (MRC dyspnoea score ≥3). Participants were randomised (1:1) by computer-generated sequence to receive either valves placed to achieve unilateral lobar occlusion (bronchoscopic lung volume reduction) or a bronchoscopy with sham valve placement (control). Patients and researchers were masked to treatment allocation. The study was powered to detect a 15% improvement in the primary endpoint, the FEV1 3 months after the procedure. Analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered at controlled-trials.com, ISRCTN04761234. 50 patients (62% male, FEV1 [% predicted] mean 31·7% [SD 10·2]) were enrolled to receive valves (n=25) or sham valve placement (control, n=25) between March 1, 2012, and Sept 30, 2013. In the bronchoscopic lung volume reduction group, FEV1 increased by a median 8·77% (IQR 2·27–35·85) versus 2·88% (0–8·51) in the control group (Mann-Whitney p=0·0326). There were two deaths in the bronchoscopic lung volume reduction group and one control patient was unable to attend for follow-up assessment because of a prolonged pneumothorax. Unilateral lobar occlusion with endobronchial valves in patients with heterogeneous emphysema and intact interlobar fissures produces significant improvements in lung function. There is a risk of significant complications and further trials are needed that compare valve placement with lung volume reduction surgery. Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and managed by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) on behalf of the MRC-NIHR partnership.

Presents information about measuring containers scientists use for their own science experiments.

Purpose Higher positive end-expiratory pressure might induce lung inflation and recruitment, yielding enhanced regional lung protection. We measured positive end-expiratory pressure-related lung volume changes by electrical impedance tomography and by the helium dilution technique. We also used electrical impedance tomography to assess the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional determinants of ventilator-induced lung injury. Methods A prospective randomized crossover study was performed on 20 intubated adult patients: 12 with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and 8 with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Each patient underwent protective controlled ventilation at lower (7 [7, 8] cmH 2 O) and higher (12 [12, 13] cmH 2 O) positive end-expiratory pressures. At the end of each phase, we collected ventilation, helium dilution, and electrical impedance tomography data. Results Positive end-expiratory pressure-induced changes in lung inflation and recruitment measured by electrical impedance tomography and helium dilution showed close correlations ( R 2  = 0.78, p  < 0.001 and R 2  = 0.68, p  < 0.001, respectively) but with relatively variable limits of agreement. At higher positive end-expiratory pressure, recruitment was evident in all lung regions ( p  < 0.01) and heterogeneity of tidal ventilation distribution was reduced by increased tidal volume distending the dependent lung ( p  < 0.001); in the non-dependent lung, on the other hand, compliance decreased ( p  < 0.001) and tidal hyperinflation significantly increased ( p  < 0.001). In the subgroup of ARDS patients (but not in the whole study population) tidal hyperinflation in the dependent lung regions decreased at higher positive end-expiratory pressure ( p  = 0.05), probably indicating higher potential for recruitment. Conclusions Close correlations exist between bedside assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced changes in lung inflation and recruitment by the helium dilution and electrical impedance tomography techniques. Higher positive end-expiratory pressure exerts mixed effects on the regional determinants of ventilator-induced lung injury; these merit close monitoring.

PurposeWe evaluated the accuracy and reliability of a new smartphone-based acoustic voided volume (VV) measurement application compared to VV estimation based on the measurement of urine volume in a bladder by ultrasound bladder scan.Patients and methodsA total of 53 subjects from 01/2021 to 09/2021 were prospectively enrolled. Bladder scan-based VV estimation is based on the difference in the volume of urine in a bladder measured before urination and volume measured after urination. The acoustic VV measurement is based on smartphone-based acoustic VV measurement mobile application. VV estimates for the same void were compared between two techniques. Urinary measures were obtained from 49 male subjects resulting in a total of 245 measurements for analysis. VV measures were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), evaluation of observed versus predicted VV measures using linear regression fit indices, and Bland–Altman method.ResultsVV between the two techniques revealed strong correlation (PCC 0.811, p < 0.001). Means of the number of measurements per patient and inpatient days for measurements analyzed are 5 and 2.7, respectively. In 245 measurements, VV measured by bladder scan is 238.69 ± 122.32 mL, VV measured by mobile application is 254.69 ± 119.28 mL, and their difference of two measurements is 16 ± 74.29 mL.ConclusionThrough the comparison with VV estimated by ultrasound bladder scan, which is a technology to measure the urine volume in a bladder, it was confirmed that the smartphone-based acoustic VV measurement application proudP® is accurate.

Background It is widely recognized that deep inspiration (DI), either before methacholine (MCh) challenge (Bronchoprotection, BP) or after MCh challenge (Bronchodilation, BD) protects against this challenge in healthy individuals, but not in asthmatics. Sulforaphane, a dietary antioxidant and antiinflammatory phytochemical derived from broccoli, may affect the pulmonary bronchoconstrictor responses to MCh and the responses to DI in asthmatic patients. Methods Forty-five moderate asthmatics were administered sulforaphane (100 μmol daily for 14 days), BP, BD, lung volumes by body-plethsmography, and airway morphology by computed tomography (CT) were measured pre- and post sulforaphane consumption. Results Sulforaphane ameliorated the bronchoconstrictor effects of MCh on FEV 1 significantly (on average by 21 %; p = 0.01) in 60 % of these asthmatics. Interestingly, in 20 % of the asthmatics, sulforaphane aggravated the bronchoconstrictor effects of MCh and in a similar number was without effect, documenting the great heterogeneity of the responsiveness of these individuals to sulforaphane. Moreover, in individuals in whom the FEV 1 response to MCh challenge decreased after sulforaphane administration, i.e., sulforaphane was protective, the activities of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes decreased. In contrast, individuals in whom sulforaphane treatment enhanced the FEV 1 response to MCh, had increased expression of the activities of these genes. High resolution CT scans disclosed that in asthmatics sulforaphane treatment resulted in a significant reduction in specific airway resistance and also increased small airway luminal area and airway trapping modestly but significantly. Conclusion These findings suggest the potential value of blocking the bronchoconstrictor hyperresponsiveness in some types of asthmatics by phytochemicals such as sulforaphane.

Lung volume measurement on fetal MRI is a component of the imaging workup for various prenatal conditions, but its use as a prognosticator has been most heavily studied in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Pediatric radiologists who perform and interpret fetal MRI must be familiar with the technical aspects of lung volume measurement to guarantee accurate measurement and reporting. Variability in timing and type of measurement at different fetal centers also requires pediatric radiologists to be up-to-date with the literature and aware of their center’s internal data. This paper provides both a how-to guide for measuring fetal lung volumes on MRI and a comprehensive review of the CDH outcome literature to serve as a convenient reference for the pediatric radiologist.

Small animal imaging has become essential in evaluating new cancer therapies as they are translated from the preclinical to clinical domain. However, preclinical imaging faces unique challenges that emphasize the gap between mouse and man. One example is the difference in breathing patterns and breath-holding ability, which can dramatically affect tumor burden assessment in lung tissue. As part of a co-clinical trial studying immunotherapy and radiotherapy in sarcomas, we are using micro-CT of the lungs to detect and measure metastases as a metric of disease progression. To effectively utilize metastatic disease detection as a metric of progression, we have addressed the impact of respiratory gating during micro-CT acquisition on improving lung tumor detection and volume quantitation. Accuracy and precision of lung tumor measurements with and without respiratory gating were studied by performing experiments with in vivo images, simulations, and a pocket phantom. When performing test-retest studies in vivo, the variance in volume calculations was 5.9% in gated images and 15.8% in non-gated images, compared to 2.9% in post-mortem images. Sensitivity of detection was examined in images with simulated tumors, demonstrating that reliable sensitivity (true positive rate (TPR) ≥ 90%) was achievable down to 1.0 mm3 lesions with respiratory gating, but was limited to ≥ 8.0 mm3 in non-gated images. Finally, a clinically-inspired \"pocket phantom\" was used during in vivo mouse scanning to aid in refining and assessing the gating protocols. Application of respiratory gating techniques reduced variance of repeated volume measurements and significantly improved the accuracy of tumor volume quantitation in vivo.