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Duty and choice : the evolution of the study of voting and voters
\"Devoted to exploring elections as the central act in a democracy, Duty and Choice: The Evolution of the Study of Voting and Voters is animated by a set of three overarching questions: why do some citizens vote while others do not? how do voters decide to cast their ballots for one candidate and not another? and how does the context in which a citizen lives influence the choices they make? Organized into three sections focused on turnout, vote choice, and electoral systems, the volume seeks to provide novel insights into the most pressing questions for scholars of vote choice and voting behavior. In addition to featuring several prominent Canadian scholars, the collection includes chapters by leading scholars from the US and Europe.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945
Voting is a habit. People learn the habit of voting, or not, based on experience in their first few elections. Elections that do not stimulate high turnout among young adults leave a 'footprint' of low turnout in the age structure of the electorate as many individuals who were new at those elections fail to vote at subsequent elections. Elections that stimulate high turnout leave a high turnout footprint. So a country's turnout history provides a baseline for current turnout that is largely set, except for young adults. This baseline shifts as older generations leave the electorate and as changes in political and institutional circumstances affect the turnout of new generations. Among the changes that have affected turnout in recent years, the lowering of the voting age in most established democracies has been particularly important in creating a low turnout footprint that has grown with each election.
eBook
Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the single transferable vote
The Single Transferable Vote, or STV, is often seen in very positive terms by electoral reformers, yet relatively little is known about its actual workings beyond one or two specific settings. This book gathers leading experts on STV from around the world to discuss the examples they know best, and represents the first systematic cross-national study of STV. Furthermore, the contributors collectively build an understanding of electoral systems as institutions embedded within a wider social and political context, and begins to explain the gap between analytical models and the actual practice of elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta. Rather than seeing electoral institutions in purely mechanical terms, the collection of essays in this volume shows that the effects of electoral system may be contingent rather than automatic. On the basis of solid empirical evidence, the volume argues that the same political system can, in fact, have quite different effects under different conditions.
Contributors to the volume are Shaun Bowler, David Farrell, Michael Gallagher, Bernard Grofman, Wolfgang Hirczy, Colin Hughes, J. Paul Johnston, Michael Laver, Malcom Mackerras, Michael Maley, Michael Marsh, Ian McAllister, and Ben Reilly.
Shaun Bowler is Professor of Political Science, University of California, Riverside. Bernard Grofman is Professor of Political Science, University of California, Irvine.
eBook
Economic voting : a campaign-centered theory
\"In this study I explain why economic voting is so widespread and, yet, why incumbents so often win amidst economic downturns and challengers in boom times. I account for the fact that some candidates drastically outperform the predictions of economic voting models while others underperform. More than just accounting for seemingly anomalous elections, I also explain the conditions under which incumbents win in good times and lose in bad times. To do so, I deviate from the existing approach and develop a campaign-centered theory that highlights the power of candidates to alter the strength of the economic vote strategically. argue that the conventional wisdom fails for two reasons. First, it leaves no room for political leadership. By contrast, I show that candidates wield immense power over the strength of the economic vote via political communication. Candidates and their strategists are not passive observers of a structurally- determined political fate. Campaigners across the globe spend millions of dollars crafting their communications strategy and honing a message that will make certain issues salient in public discourse and shift others to the back burner. In short, they battle to define what each election is about, and recent evidence suggests that these efforts may be successful. One of the most important findings to come out of the renewed interest in media and campaign effects in the last twenty years is that political communications can \"prime,\" or raise the salience of, certain issues in the minds of voters. These findings, however, have not been incorporated into the vast literature on economic voting\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Expressive voting, graded interests and participation
I assume that voters mark ballots exclusively to express their true preferences among parties, leaving aside any considerations about an election’s possible outcome. The paper then analyzes the resulting voting behavior. In particular, it studies how effective different voting systems such as plurality rule, approval voting, and range voting are in fostering high turnout rates of such expressive voters.
Journal Article
Voting Technology: The Not-So-Simple Act of Casting a Ballot
Evaluates five commercially available voting systems, against different criteria (including ease of use, speed, and accuracy) using field and laboratory experiments and expert reviews. Initiates new research into interactions between ballot format and voter behavior. Offers best practices for voting system manufacturers, ballot designers, election officials, political observers, and voters
eBook
Blockchain for Electronic Voting System—Review and Open Research Challenges
Online voting is a trend that is gaining momentum in modern society. It has great potential to decrease organizational costs and increase voter turnout. It eliminates the need to print ballot papers or open polling stations—voters can vote from wherever there is an Internet connection. Despite these benefits, online voting solutions are viewed with a great deal of caution because they introduce new threats. A single vulnerability can lead to large-scale manipulations of votes. Electronic voting systems must be legitimate, accurate, safe, and convenient when used for elections. Nonetheless, adoption may be limited by potential problems associated with electronic voting systems. Blockchain technology came into the ground to overcome these issues and offers decentralized nodes for electronic voting and is used to produce electronic voting systems mainly because of their end-to-end verification advantages. This technology is a beautiful replacement for traditional electronic voting solutions with distributed, non-repudiation, and security protection characteristics. The following article gives an overview of electronic voting systems based on blockchain technology. The main goal of this analysis was to examine the current status of blockchain-based voting research and online voting systems and any related difficulties to predict future developments. This study provides a conceptual description of the intended blockchain-based electronic voting application and an introduction to the fundamental structure and characteristics of the blockchain in connection to electronic voting. As a consequence of this study, it was discovered that blockchain systems may help solve some of the issues that now plague election systems. On the other hand, the most often mentioned issues in blockchain applications are privacy protection and transaction speed. For a sustainable blockchain-based electronic voting system, the security of remote participation must be viable, and for scalability, transaction speed must be addressed. Due to these concerns, it was determined that the existing frameworks need to be improved to be utilized in voting systems.
Journal Article