Explore the vast range of titles available.

The increased frequency of precancerous lesions and malignant diseases of the vulva is a hallmark of the postmenopausal period. However, the development of fibroepithelial polyps, which are benign neoplasms, is also possible. The exact etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. These mesenchymal neoplasms are mostly diagnosed in women who received hormone replacement therapy or those who are of reproductive age, with pregnancy being a predisposing factor. We present a clinical case in which surgical treatment was the first choice, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The authors report a case of a postmenopausal patient not taking hormone replacement therapy with a single, large, benign, pedunculated fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva (more than 5 cm long) that appeared more than 15 years ago. The polyp was successfully excised, with a good prognosis for the patient. This clinical case emphasizes the accurate clinical diagnosis and the importance of histopathological examination. It illustrates delayed help-seeking in the absence of mandatory prophylaxis.

Labial adhesion (LA) is a total or partial labial fusion mostly seen in pre-pubertal children and is rare in premenopausal and postmenopausal periods. This review aimed to evaluate risk factors for labial fusion and the recurrence rate following surgical intervention in postmenopausal women. According to PRISMA guidelines, international databases including Embase, World Cat, Web of Science, Scopus, Dimension, Open Grey, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and also PubMed gateway for PMC and MEDLINE were searched. The included studies were in English and published from 1985 until December 2023 with the keywords including vulvar diseases, agglutination, menopause, postmenopause, and recurrence. All studies that evaluated the clinical course and recurrence of LAs following surgical treatment in postmenopausal women were included. The inclusion criteria were the risk factors of LA recurrence rate, and the exclusion criteria were studies with missing required data, letters to editors, and conference studies. Thirty-four case reports were enrolled. In total, 54 patients were evaluated. The most common risk factors for LA included hypoestrogenism, virginity, sexual inactivity, cervical cancer, hysterectomy, urinary tract infections, and lichen sclerosis. Only one study reported a recurrence of labial fusion following surgical intervention in a one-year follow-up. The most common risk factors for LA were hypoestrogenism, virginity, sexual inactivity, cervical cancer, hysterectomy, urinary tract infections, and lichen sclerosis. The low recurrence rate following surgical release of labial fusion has made it an effective and safe method in postmenopausal women with negligible medium-term recurrence rates.

Background A Bartholin’s gland abscess is one of the most common infections in women of reproductive age. Although Bartholin’s gland abscesses have been reported in prepubertal children, they are rarer in prepubertal children than in adults. Herein, we report a case of bilateral Bartholin’s gland abscesses in a 4-year-old girl with vitamin A deficiency. Case presentation A 4-year-old girl diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder was admitted to the hospital for close examination and treatment because of persistent fever and malaise. The child was a marked fussy eater and was diagnosed with corneal ulceration and night blindness secondary to vitamin A deficiency. Both of the patient’s labia were swollen, and a diagnosis of a bilateral Bartholin’s gland abscess was made using computed tomography. Incisional drainage was performed under general anesthesia. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged from the hospital on day 8 after the surgery. During hospitalization, attempts were made to correct the vitamin deficiency by adding nutritional supplements to the diet. Three months after the surgery, no recurrence of abscesses was noted. Conclusions Decreased immunocompetence and mucosal barrier function due to vitamin A deficiency is thought to be the underlying cause of Bartholin’s gland abscesses. Although prepubertal Bartholin’s gland abscesses have been reported, they are rare. To the best of our knowledge, no reports of bilateral Bartholin’s gland abscesses potentially caused by vitamin A deficiency have been reported. When prepubertal girls present with Bartholin’s gland abscesses, the presence of immunodeficiency due to vitamin or trace element deficiency should also be considered.

Background This case report presents a case of Vulvar Crohn’s disease (VCD) in an adolescent, that is an uncommon manifestation of Crohn’s disease (CD) without gastrointestinal symptoms. Before treating CD itself with proper medication, vulvar abscess continued to recur without improvement. Case presentation We report the case of an 18-year-old woman with VCD. After treatment with azathioprine 50 mg daily and mesalazine 1 g three times daily, vulvar lesions resolved after 6 weeks. We collected electronic medical data on patient characteristics, and evaluated findings of physical examinations, pelvic MRI, and biopsy specimen obtained from gastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy. Conclusions VCD is a rare manifestation of CD that may be misdiagnosed in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms leading to delayed treatment. If a patient has an unexplained vulvar inflammatory lesion and with repeated failed surgical treatment, gynecologists should consider the possibility of a VCD.

Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is associated with long-term gynecologic complications, including delayed paraclitoral cystic lesions. However, the clinicopathologic spectrum and postoperative outcomes of these lesions remain insufficiently characterized, particularly in high-prevalence settings. Methods This single-center retrospective clinicopathologic study included women with a history of FGM/C who underwent surgical excision of paraclitoral lesions between January 2017 and March 2025. Clinical presentation, surgical management, histopathological findings, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Comparative analyses were performed between epidermoid and non-epidermoid lesions. Results A total of 146 patients were included. The mean age was 28.9 ± 13.2 years. The most common presenting symptom was pain (58.9%), and pain was present in 86.3% overall. Histopathology revealed predominantly epidermoid cysts (84.2%), followed by traumatic neuroma (8.9%) and other benign lesions. Parity was significantly associated with histopathologic subtype ( p  = 0.020), with non-epidermoid lesions more common in women with parity > 3. All patients underwent complete en bloc excision, and no intraoperative complications were documented in the available operative records. Among patients with available follow-up, postoperative pain improvement was documented in 89.7%, and no recurrence was documented among patients with available 6-month follow-up. Conclusion Paraclitoral lesions following FGM/C are predominantly epidermoid cysts but may also include other pathologies, such as traumatic neuroma. Surgical excision was associated with favorable early documented outcomes among patients with available follow-up; however, interpretation of functional recovery and recurrence remains limited by nonstandardized retrospective outcome assessment and incomplete follow-up. These findings contribute additional clinicopathologic data to a limited evidence base and highlight the need for prospective studies with standardized follow-up.

Background The accessory breast is composed of residual glandular mammary tissue that persists after normal embryonic development. The entity is so rare that it is easily neglected in the diagnosis of disease. Case presentation We report a 24-year-old virgin Persian woman with a left-sided vulvar mass and no pain or discomfort until shortly before her presentation at our department. Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva was diagnosed. We performed wide local resection of the lesion. Pathological investigation of the lesion confirmed the presence of ectopic breast tissue with secretory changes. She had no specific developmental abnormalities and had no relevant family history. She was followed up for 10 months and had recovered fully by this time. Conclusion Accessory breast tissue should be considered as a diagnosis when a mass is seen along the embryonic milk line, especially if the clinical findings reveal changes in the mass accompanied by changes in sex hormones.

Labial adhesion in a reproductive-age woman is a rare entity. A woman in her 30s presented with complaints of passage of urine and menstrual blood from the same opening since menarche. The patient underwent some corrective surgery for the same, but the symptoms did not resolve. On MRI, a urethrovaginal fistula was suspected, and the patient came to our centre with this diagnosis. Examination revealed two small openings at the introitus, but urethral and vaginal openings were not seen separately. On vaginoscopy, labia minora fusion was suspected and separated under local anaesthesia. The urethral and vaginal openings were seen behind fused labia. The postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the same day. At follow-up, normal labial anatomy was present. A thorough gynaecological examination is integral in women presenting with urinary complaints, and a simple procedure under local anaesthesia can restore normal labial anatomy.

A woman in her late 30s presented with a large left-sided labial swelling at a tertiary maternity and gynaecology hospital. The swelling had been present for more than 10 years, and had previously been incised twice and partially excised once. The labial swelling had caused great discomfort as it increased in size and had a significant impact on her quality of life. Definitive surgical excision in the theatre was planned for the following week. Careful excision of the cystic structure removing the entire lesion intact was done using a mixture of blunt and sharp dissection. Subcutaneous layers were closed, excess skin was removed and a continuous non-locking suture closed the skin. The histology returned confirming a benign epithelial inclusion cyst. At a 6-week-interval postoperative follow-up, the patient reported excellent healing. A simple surgical intervention had a conclusive and positive impact on her quality of life.