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water footprint assessment manual
People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the 'virtual water' embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business.
This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it:
Provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment
Shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses
Contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints
Describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product
Includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction
eBook
The water footprint of modern consumer society
\"Using the water footprint concept, this impactful book aids our understanding of how we can reduce water consumption and pollution to sustainable levels. The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society is a key textbook for students of interdisciplinary water studies and those taking other related courses within the environmental sciences. It will also be of interest to those working in the governmental sector, environmental and consumer organisations, the business sector and UN institutions, where there is growing interest in the water footprint concept\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A GIS-Based and Statistical Approach to Estimate per Capita Water Consumption Based on Different Residential Building Types
To design sustainable water supply systems, utilities need to determine the average per capita water consumption along with factors that influence it. However, data on residents per building are often unavailable. This study introduces a GIS-based approach to estimate residents per building despite incomplete data. Building height and size were determined and spatially linked to water consumption data. These values were used to calculate the living space and the number of residents per building. A comparison with actual residents from Study Site 1 showed high agreement (correlation of 0.7), confirming the method’s reliability. With an accuracy of ±1 person, 66% of single-family homes and 17% of apartment buildings were correctly estimated. The analysis further showed that single-family home residents consume about 130 L per day, while those in apartment buildings use 105–114 L per day. The presence of swimming pools was identified as a significant factor. A resident in a single-family home with a pool consumes around 153 L per day, while one without a pool uses around 126 L per day. This approach provides a method to estimate per capita water consumption, enabling water utilities to plan sustainably, even in regions with limited register data.
Journal Article
Replenish : the virtuous cycle of water and prosperity
\"Sandra Postel takes readers around the world to explore water projects that work with, rather than against, nature's rhythms. In New Mexico, forest rehabilitation is safeguarding drinking water; along the Mississippi River, farmers are planting cover crops to reduce polluted runoff; and in China, 'sponge cities' are capturing rainwater to curb urban flooding. Efforts like these will be essential as climate change disrupts both weather patterns and the models on which we base our infrastructure\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Spatio-temporal changes in urban water consumption during 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic in southern Brazil
This study investigated the changes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban water consumption in residential, commercial, industrial, and public agencies in the city of São Leopoldo, southern Brazil, which has about 55,000 consumers and over 200,000 inhabitants. Overall, the city increased water consumption by 5.6% during the 2-year pandemic, with 5.9% in 2020 and 5.5% in 2021. Residential and industrial consumption increased by 6.77 and 9.92% in the first year, and by 5.47 and 14.45% in the second year, respectively. On the other hand, commercial and public sector consumption decreased by 5.48 and 46.26% in the first year and 1.83 and 40.99% in the second year, respectively. In the first months of the pandemic, there was a sharp increase in residential water consumption at the same time as a reduction in consumption in the other categories. In contrast, there was a slight return to previous water consumption patterns in the following months. Overall, we can affirm that the more central neighborhoods presented higher changes in water consumption than the peripheral neighborhoods. In addition, the water consumption during the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods was statistically different for residential, industrial, and public consumers.
Journal Article
Does living alone increase the consumption of social resources?
China’s living arrangement has changed as the economy grows and society makes progress. More and more people prefer to live alone. In 2018, a total of 240 million people chose to live alone in China, with an annual growth of 0.53% per year. How will the growing number of people living alone affect the resources consumption and the ecological environment? Based on the data from 1998 to 2017 at provincial level, this paper selects domestic water and electricity consumption to represent resources consumption, and household garbage generation to represent ecological environment, taking the proportion of single-person households in the total households as the explanatory variable and age, education, and household appliances as the control variables. This paper aims to apply dynamic panel models to analyze the impact of solitary population on resources consumption (water and electricity resources as representatives) and on waste generation. The results show that (1) people living alone consume more resources and generate more garbage, while household waste is influenced most, followed by household electricity consumption and household water consumption, (2) positive relations between age and resources consumption and waste generation have been identified, and (3) the energy-saving technology of home appliances is conducive to resources conservation and emission reduction.
Journal Article
Human water consumption intensifies hydrological drought worldwide
Over the past 50 years, human water use has more than doubled and affected streamflow over various regions of the world. However, it remains unclear to what degree human water consumption intensifies hydrological drought (the occurrence of anomalously low streamflow). Here, we quantify over the period 1960-2010 the impact of human water consumption on the intensity and frequency of hydrological drought worldwide. The results show that human water consumption substantially reduced local and downstream streamflow over Europe, North America and Asia, and subsequently intensified the magnitude of hydrological droughts by 10-500%, occurring during nation- and continent-wide drought events. Also, human water consumption alone increased global drought frequency by 27 (±6)%. The intensification of drought frequency is most severe over Asia (35 ± 7%), but also substantial over North America (25 ± 6%) and Europe (20 ± 5%). Importantly, the severe drought conditions are driven primarily by human water consumption over many parts of these regions. Irrigation is responsible for the intensification of hydrological droughts over the western and central US, southern Europe and Asia, whereas the impact of industrial and households' consumption on the intensification is considerably larger over the eastern US and western and central Europe. Our findings reveal that human water consumption is one of the more important mechanisms intensifying hydrological drought, and is likely to remain as a major factor affecting drought intensity and frequency in the coming decades.
Journal Article