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"WATER PRODUCTION"
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Allied power : mobilizing hydro-electricity during Canada's Second World War
Canada emerged from the Second World War as a hydro-electric superpower. Only the United States generated more hydro power than Canada, and only Norway generated more per capita. Allied Power is about how this came to be: the mobilization of Canadian hydro-electricity during the war and the impact of that wartime expansion on Canada's power systems, rivers, and politics.
Book
Potable water production from ambient moisture
Nowadays, with the rapid increase in world population, potable water shortage has started to create serious problems. Many factors such as increased water consumption, environmental problems and climate change cause the decrease in potable water resources. In this study, a fully automatic system which produces water from ambient humidity developed to provide solutions especially in areas where access to clean and potable water resources is difficult. Moisture and salt are used for raw material. CaCl
2
salt is not very good for moisture absorption, but when compared with other salts, it can provide a great advantage under human health and cost. The machine is also reinforced with electrical equipment and measures the ambient temperature, pressure values and humidity, consumed energy and prints it on the memory card (SD card) in real time. While the system is running, it can be controlled and read over the phone. Experiments have been carried out and the changes in the amount of water produced and the amount of salt consumed depending on the ambient humidity and temperature have been investigated. The amount of energy consumed by the system was also analyzed. It was observed that the amount of water produced was directly proportional to the ambient humidity.
Journal Article
Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure : access, affordability, and alternatives
The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has produced continent-wide analysis of many aspects of Africa's infrastructure challenge. The main findings were synthesized in a flagship report titled Africa's Infrastructure: a time for transformation, published in November 2009. Meant for policy makers, that report necessarily focused on the high-level conclusions. It attracted widespread media coverage feeding directly into discussions at the 2009 African Union Commission Heads of State Summit on Infrastructure. Although the flagship report served a valuable role in highlighting the main findings of the project, it could not do full justice to the richness of the data collected and technical analysis undertaken. There was clearly a need to make this more detailed material available to a wider audience of infrastructure practitioners. Hence the idea of producing four technical monographs, such as this one, to provide detailed results on each of the major infrastructure sectors, information and communication technologies (ICT), power, transport, and water, as companions to the flagship report. These technical volumes are intended as reference books on each of the infrastructure sectors. They cover all aspects of the AICD project relevant to each sector, including sector performance, gaps in financing and efficiency, and estimates of the need for additional spending on investment, operations, and maintenance. Each volume also comes with a detailed data appendix, providing easy access to all the relevant infrastructure indicators at the country level, which is a resource in and of itself.
eBook
Analysis of Water Production Factors of Gas Wells in Sulige Gas Field
The Sulige gas field, characterized by its low porosity and poor permeability, faces challenges in managing the complex gas-water distribution, which has become a growing concern as the field develops. This complexity, coupled with the varied and intricate nature of water production, has impacted the field’s efficiency. To tackle this issue, a study was carried out on water-producing gas wells within the field, examining the production mechanisms, main factors, and distribution patterns. The study found that in the field’s central region, the gas-water ratio in water-producing wells is relatively stable, with some wells yielding over 0.8m 3 of water per day. The water sources include formation water, pore water, and water from the wellbore edges and bottom, as well as industrial water usage. Understanding these factors helps mitigate the negative impact of water production on field development and provides guidance for managing similar gas fields effectively.
Journal Article
Drinking water treatment and chemical well clogging by iron(II) oxidation and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) precipitation
Removal of iron(II) from groundwater by aeration and rapid sand filtration (RSF) with the accompanying production of drinking water sludge in the preparation of drinking water from groundwater, and chemical well clogging by accumulation of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) precipitates and biomass after mixing of oxygen containing and of iron(II) containing groundwater, are identical processes. Iron(II) may precipitate from (ground)water by homogeneous, heterogeneous and/or biological oxidation, where the contribution of these processes, and thus the characteristics of the corresponding HFO precipitates, is a function of pH and process-conditions. Under current conditions in drinking water treatment, homogeneous oxidation dominates above pH ≈ 7.75, and heterogeneous and biological oxidation below this value. In chemical well clogging, this transition occurs at pH ≈ 7.0. This information is relevant for the optimization of removal of iron(II) from groundwater by aeration and RSF and the corresponding quality of the produced drinking water sludge, and for the operation of wells clogging by accumulation of HFO precipitates and biomass.
Journal Article
Arsenate removal from drinking water using by-products from conventional iron oxyhydroxides production as adsorbents coupled with submerged microfiltration unit
Arsenic is among the major drinking water contaminants affecting populations in many countries because it causes serious health problems on long-term exposure. Two low-cost micro-sized iron oxyhydroxide-based adsorbents (which are by-products of the industrial production process of granular adsorbents), namely, micro granular ferric hydroxide (μGFH) and micro tetravalent manganese feroxyhyte (μTMF), were applied in batch adsorption kinetic tests and submerged microfiltration membrane adsorption hybrid system (SMAHS) to remove pentavalent arsenic (As(V)) from modeled drinking water. The adsorbents media were characterized in terms of iron content, BET surface area, pore volume, and particle size. The results of adsorption kinetics show that initial adsorption rate of As(V) by μTMF is faster than μGFH. The SMAHS results revealed that hydraulic residence time of As(V) in the slurry reactor plays a critical role. At longer residence time, the achieved adsorption capacities at As(V) permeate concentration of 10 μg/L (WHO guideline value) are 0.95 and 1.04 μg/mg for μGFH and μTMF, respectively. At shorter residence time of ~ 3 h, μTMF was able to treat 1.4 times more volumes of arsenic-polluted water than μGFH under the optimized experimental conditions due to its fast kinetic behavior. The outcomes of this study confirm that micro-sized iron oyxhydroxides, by-products of conventional adsorbent production processes, can successfully be employed in the proposed hybrid water treatment system to achieve drinking water guideline value for arsenic, without considerable fouling of the porous membrane.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Yield response, water productivity, and seasonal water production functions for maize under deficit irrigation water management in southern Taiwan
As the challenges toward increasing water for irrigation become more prevalent, knowledge of crop yield response to water can facilitate the development of irrigation strategies for improving agricultural productivity. Experiments were conducted to quantify maize yield response to soil moisture deficits, and assess the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on water productivity (water and irrigation water use efficiency, WUE and IWUE). Five irrigation treatments were investigated: a full irrigation (I
1
) with a water application of 60 mm and four deficit treatments with application depths of 50 (I
2
), 40 (I
3
), 30 (I
4
), and 20 mm (I
5
). On average, the highest grain yield observed was 1008.41 g m
−2
in I
1
, and water deficits resulted in significant (p < .05) reduction within range of 6 and 33%. This reduction was significantly correlated with a decline in grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, ear number per plant, and number of grain per row. The highest correlation was found between grain yield and grain number per ear. The WUE and IWUE were within range of 1.52-2.25 kg m
−3
and 1.64-4.53 kg m
−3
, respectively. High water productivity without significant reduction in yield (<13%) for I
2
and I
3
compared to the yield in I
1
indicates that these water depths are viable practices to promote sustainable water development. Also, for assessing the benefits of irrigation practices in the region crop water production functions were established. Maize yield response to water stress was estimated as .92, suggesting the environmental conditions are conducive for implementing DI strategies.
Journal Article
Technical and financial feasibility of a chemicals recovery and energy and water production from a dairy wastewater treatment plant
Due to the high volume of wastewater produced from dairy factories, it is necessary to integrate a water recovery process with the treatment plant. Today, bipolar membrane electrodialysis units (BMEUs) are increasingly developed for wastewater treatment and reutilizing. This article aims to develop and evaluate (technical and cost analyses) a combined BMEU/batch reverse osmosis unit (BROU) process for the recovery of chemicals and water from the dairy wastewater plant. The combined BROU/BMEU process is able to simultaneously produce water and strong base-acid, and reduce power consumption due to the injection of concentrated feed flow into the BMEU. A comprehensive comparative analysis on the performances of two combined and stand-alone BMEU configurations are developed. The proposed combined technology for dairy factory wastewater treatment is designed on a new structure and configuration that can address superior cost analysis compared to similar technologies. Further, the optimal values of permeate flux and current density as two vital and influencing parameters on the performance of the studied dairy wastewater treatment process were calculated and discussed. From the outcomes, the total cost of production in the combined configuration has been reduced by approximately 26% compared to the stand-alone configuration. Increasing the feed concentration rate using the batch reverse osmosis process for the dairy wastewater treatment process can be an ideal solution from an economic point of view. Moreover, point (current density, feed concentration rate, total unit cost) =
328.9
,
7
,
14.37
can be considered as an optimal point for the economic performance of the studied wastewater treatment process.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Solar Energy Powered Seawater Desalination Processes: A Review
Solar energy, amongst all renewable energies, has attracted inexhaustible attention all over the world as a supplier of sustainable energy. The energy requirement of major seawater desalination processes such as multistage flash (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) are fulfilled by burning fossil fuels, which impact the environment significantly due to the emission of greenhouse gases. The integration of solar energy systems into seawater desalination processes is an attractive and alternative solution to fossil fuels. This study aims to (i) assess the progress of solar energy systems including concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) to power both thermal and membrane seawater desalination processes including MSF, MED, and RO and (ii) evaluate the economic considerations and associated challenges with recommendations for further improvements. Thus, several studies on a different combination of seawater desalination processes of solar energy systems are reviewed and analysed concerning specific energy consumption and freshwater production cost. It is observed that although solar energy systems have the potential of reducing carbon footprint significantly, the cost of water production still favours the use of fossil fuels. Further research and development on solar energy systems are required to make their use in desalination economically viable. Alternatively, the carbon tax on the use of fossil fuels may persuade desalination industries to adopt renewable energy such as solar.
Journal Article
Feasibility of modifying the washout water weir on dyna sand filters performance
Among the available technologies, the dyna-sand filter has gained attention due to its continuous filtration and sand washing mechanism, which provides an advantage in maintaining stable operation. Nevertheless, its performance under variable heights of washout weir with constant solid loads and the optimization of its washing system remain areas that require further study. This study investigates the use of the dyna-sand filter in water treatment facilities, focusing on the alteration of the washout weir to improve efficiency and reduce washout water amount. The study evaluates the filter’s performance under fixed influent total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and constant filtration rate (ROF), aiming to demonstrate the advantages of this alteration in enhancing removal efficiency, operational stability, and water saving through a laboratory-scale pilot. The average washout discharge fell from 0.788 to 0.486 L/min, a 38.3% reduction in washout water amount. As a result, filtered water production rose by nearly 2.2%, indicating more efficient hydraulic operation. These findings confirm that raising the washout weir by 4 cm improved filtration and reduced washout water loss. This, in turn, enhanced system productivity and the quality of washwater produced, assuming a consistent flow rate and solid load.
Journal Article