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"WATER TREATMENT PLANTS"
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A review of microplastic removal from water and wastewater by membrane technologies
Microplastics (MPs) cannot be completely removed from water/wastewater in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). According to the literature analysis, membrane technologies, one of the advanced treatment technologies, are the most effective and promising technologies for MP removal from water and wastewater. In this paper, firstly, the properties of MPs commonly present in WWTPs/DWTPs and the MP removal efficiency of WWTPs/DWTPs are briefly reviewed. In addition, research studies on MP removal from water/wastewater by microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), and membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are reviewed. In the next section, membrane filtration is compared with other methods used for MP removal from water/wastewater, and the advantages/disadvantages of the removal methods are discussed. Moreover, the problem of membrane fouling with MPs during filtration and the potential for MP release from polymeric membrane structure to water/wastewater are discussed. Finally, based on the studies in the literature, the current status and research deficiencies of MP removal by membrane technologies are identified, and recommendations are made for further studies.
Journal Article
Geographical Patterns of nirS Gene Abundance and nirS-Type Denitrifying Bacterial Community Associated with Activated Sludge from Different Wastewater Treatment Plants
Denitrifying bacteria is a driver of nitrogen removal process in wastewater treatment ecosystem. However, the geographical characteristics of denitrifying bacterial communities associated with activated sludge from diverse wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are still unclear. Here, quantitative PCR and next-generation sequencing of the nirS gene were applied to characterize the abundance and denitrifying bacterial communities from 18 geographically distributed WWTPs. The results showed that the nirS abundance ranged from 4.6 × 10² to 2.4 × 10³ copies per ng DNA, while nirS-type denitrifying bacterial populations were diverse and distinct from activated sludge communities. Among WWTPs, total nitrogen removal efficiencies varied from 25.8 to 84%, which was positively correlated with diversity indices, whereas abundance-based coverage estimator index decreased with an increase in latitude. The dominant phyla across all samples were proteobacteria, accounting for 46.23% (ranging from 17.98 to 87.07%) of the sequences. Eight of the 22 genera detected were dominant: Thauera sp., Alicycliphilus sp., and Pseudomonas sp., etc. Based on network analysis, the coexistence and interaction between dominant genera may be vital for regulating the nitrogen and carbon removal behaviors. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that both geographic location and wastewater factors concurrently govern the distribution patterns of nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community harbored in WWTPs. Taking together, these results from the present study provide novel insights into the nirS gene abundance and nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community composition in geographically distributed WWTPs. Moreover, the knowledge gained will improve the operation and management of WWTPs for nitrogen removal.
Journal Article
Energy optimization of a wastewater treatment plant based on energy audit data: small investment with high return
Ambitious energy targets in the 2020 European climate and energy package have encouraged many stakeholders to explore and implement measures improving the energy efficiency of water and wastewater treatment facilities. Model-based process optimization can improve the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) with modest investment and a short payback period. However, such methods are not widely practiced due to the labor-intensive workload required for monitoring and data collection processes. This study offers a multi-step simulation-based methodology to evaluate and optimize the energy consumption of the largest Italian WWTP using limited, preliminary energy audit data. An integrated modeling platform linking wastewater treatment processes, energy demand, and production sub-models is developed. The model is calibrated using a stepwise procedure based on available data. Further, a scenario-based optimization approach is proposed to obtain the non-dominated and optimized performance of the WWTP. The results confirmed that up to 5000 MWh annual energy saving in addition to improved effluent quality could be achieved in the studied case through operational changes only.
Journal Article
Water and wastewater treatment : a guide for the nonengineering professional
\"Designed to meet the information needs of professionals without an engineering background, this book describes and explains in simple, non-mathematical terms the unit processes used to treat both drinking water and wastewater. The text presents each unit process, states what function(s) it performs, illustrates what equipment it uses, and explains its role in the process of purifying or cleaning water. Now featuring summary sections, each chapter in this second edition has been fully updated and revised to present the latest regulatory and technological advancements as well as new drinking and wastewater regulatory requirements\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Turkey: a comparison of the influent and secondary effluent concentrations
Wastewater treatment plants are one of the primary pathways through which microplastics enter aquatic environments. In this study, we have determined the microplastic concentrations of the influent and secondary effluent water of two wastewater treatment plants in Turkey. For this purpose, we have taken samples of the influent and effluent water of Seyhan and Yüreğir wastewater treatment facilities for 6 days in August 2017 and determined their microplastics’ content both visually and using μ-Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the influent of the wastewater treatment contained 1 million–6.5 million particles per day, while the effluent contained 220,000–1.5 million particles per day. The removal rate of microplastics was found to be between 73 and 79%. In total, seven different types of polymers were detected. The most frequently observed polymer type was polyester.
Journal Article
Water/Wastewater Engineer
\"Readers will learn what it takes to succeed as a wastewater engineer. The book also explains the necessary educational steps, useful character traits, and daily job tasks related to this career, in the framework of the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math) movement. Photos, a glossary, and additional resources are included.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Occurrence of antibiotics in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater, wastewater treatment plant and sea waters in Tunisia
Antibiotics are among the most commonly used group of pharmaceuticals in human medicine. They can therefore reach surface and groundwater bodies through different routes, such as wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface runoff, or infiltration of water used for agricultural purposes. It is well known that antibiotics pose a significant risk to environmental and human health, even at low concentrations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of aminoglycosides and phenicol antibiotics in municipal wastewaters, sea water and pharmaceutical effluents in Tunisia. All analysed water samples contained detectable levels of aminoglycoside and phenicol antibiotics. The highest concentrations in wastewater influents were observed for neomycin and kanamycin B (16.4ng mL−1 and 7.5 ng mL−1, respectively). Chloramphenicol was found in wastewater influents up to 3 ng mL−1. It was observed that the waste water treatment plants were not efficient in completely removing these antibiotics. Chloramphenicol and florfenicol were found in sea water samples near aquaculture sites at levels up to, respectively, 15.6 ng mL−1 and 18.4 ng mL−1. Also aminoglycoside antibiotics were found near aquaculture sites with the highest concentration of 3.4 ng mL−1 for streptomycin. In pharmaceutical effluents, only gentamycin was found at concentrations up to 19 ng mL−1 over a sampling period of four months.
Journal Article