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"Wagons"
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Method for substantiating the spheres of application of shunting locomotives at sorting stations
Shunting work on sorting wagons is carried out on steeper profiles and requires the operation of shunting diesel locomotives of a higher power. Many sorting operations use double traction of shunting locomotives in conditions of the highly outdated fleet of shunting diesel locomotives. However, the technology of operating two shunting locomotives requires substantiation of its scope of application. In this article, using the example of station “X”, the technology of disbanding trains from the sorting hump is investigated in two ways: the first is the existing technology (work on disbanding trains is carried out using two shunting locomotives of the TEM-2 series), shunting locomotive of TEM-7 series. It has been determined that in the existing technology, the required processing capacity of the hill approaches its maximum value. When using the TEM-7 diesel locomotive, the maximum processing capacity of the hill increases by 27%. The sphere of efficiency of the TEM-7 series locomotive instead of two TEM-2 was substantiated by the method of technical and economic calculations.
Journal Article
Optimization of transport flows of the grain storage
Ensuring uniform supply of wagons for loading and unloading of goods is one of the main tasks of the transport process. Existing methods for solving the issues of ensuring the rhythmicity of the supply of wagons for loading grain are not often allowed to identify the causes of the technological shortage of wagons. In this regard, within the framework of this work, the aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the organization of providing grain storage with wagons using models.
Journal Article
Research on improved character recognition technology of wagon number based on Faster-RCNN
Aiming at the characteristics of wagon number character printing with location features, we propose a wagon number character recognition technique based on the Faster-RCNN algorithm for the output layer to improve the accuracy of recognition by eliminating and filling the misjudged and missed characters in the output layer of image recognition. Using the relative position of each wagon number character to form a relative position matrix, the correct candidate frame is output by calculating the similarity of the relative position matrix of the candidate frame and the standard frame, and the correct wagon number is retrieved by comparing with the wagon number in the database.
Journal Article
Improvement of the methodology for determining unproductive loss of time in the disbandment system
The purpose of the work is to improve the methodology for determining inefficient time losses in the distribution system of the sorting station. Systematic analysis, analytical, graphic modeling, the law of normal distribution and methods for comparing the performance of wagon standing times were used. Unproductive time losses in the disbandment system were determined by the elements of the time spent by wagons at the sorting station. In the sorting station distribution system, the methodology for determining the time of stay and inefficient time losses of transit recyclable cars has been improved using the law of normal distribution. The analysis of unproductive time losses in the receiving and rolling stock of the sorting station by the actual average daily and average monthly values of the elements of unproductive time losses allows not only to purposefully identify methods to reduce the time spent by wagons, but also to carry out an accurate assessment of the work of the station staff, as well as to adjust the norm of the time spent by wagons.
Journal Article
Dairying enabled Early Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe expansions
During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic–Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains
1
,
2
and Mongolia
3
. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport
4
–
6
and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk
5
, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when steppe populations are known to have begun dispersing offers critical insight into a key catalyst of steppe mobility. The identification of horse milk proteins also indicates horse domestication by the Early Bronze Age, which provides support for its role in steppe dispersals. Our results point to a potential epicentre for horse domestication in the Pontic–Caspian steppe by the third millennium
bc
, and offer strong support for the notion that the novel exploitation of secondary animal products was a key driver of the expansions of Eurasian steppe pastoralists by the Early Bronze Age.
Analysis of ancient proteins suggests that Early Bronze Age dairying and horse domestication catalysed eastern Yamnaya migrations.
Journal Article
Analysis of the Strength of the Supporting Structure of a TwoSection Hopper Wagon under Operating Loading Conditions
It is proposed to improve hopper wagon design to provide the possibility of simultaneous transportation of different types of cargo. This improvement consists of dividing the body into two separate sections, interacting with each other through a vertical wall and horizontal connecting belts. A calculation by using the FEM in the SolidWorks Simulation has been carried out to determine the strength of the construction of the two-section hopper wagon. The results of the research showed that the maximum load of the hopper wagon occurs in the first design mode (impact). However, the obtained stresses were lower than permissible by 30%. To calculate the indicators of the wagon dynamics, modeling was carried out. All received dynamics indicators were within the permissible limits. For transporting a hopper wagon on railway ferries in international traffic, it is suggested to use units for the fastening chain. Research of the dynamic load of the hopper wagon supporting structure was carried out through mathematical modeling. The strength analysis of the hopper-wagon-bearing structure was carried out. It was found out that the stresses in the hopper wagon structure did not exceed the normative values. The results of the research will contribute to the increased profitability of railway transport. Additionally, the results of the work can be useful in the creation of modern designs of wagons, including for international traffic.
Journal Article
Research into the transverse loading of the container with sandwich-panel walls when transported by rail
The article presents the results of the research into the transverse loading of the container during rail transportation. The peculiarity of the container is its walls made of sandwich panels. Such a solution will help to reduce the dynamic loading on the container in operation and, accordingly, improve its strength. Appropriate calculations have been carried out in order to determine the optimum (minimum) sheet thickness, provided that the permissible deflection in operation is ensured. The transverse loading on the container placed on a flat wagon at the side rolling has been investigated. It is found that the acceleration value obtained is almost 5% lower than that acting on the container of a typical design. The strength of the container with sandwich-panel walls is calculated using the finite element method. The results of the calculation show that the maximum stresses are 6% lower than those occurring in the container of a typical design. The research may be of values for those who develop recommendations for designing advanced modular vehicles and improving the efficiency of transportation.
Journal Article
A review of non-destructive techniques used for mechanical damage assessment in polymer composites
Polymer composite materials are being increasingly used in primary load-bearing structures in several advanced industrial fields such as aerospace vessels, railway wagons and mega-scaled wind turbines where detection of subcritical damage initiation can significantly reduce safety issues and maintenance costs. It is therefore crucial to inspect these composite structures in order to assess their structural health and to ensure their integrity. Non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) are used for this purpose, making it possible to monitor mechanical damage of composite materials under in situ or ex situ service conditions. This paper reviews the capabilities of the most common NDT techniques used to inspect the integrity of composite materials. Each technique has a detection potential and cannot allow a full diagnosis of the mechanical damage state of the material. Thus, depending on the occurring damage mechanism and the conditions of use, one technique will be preferred over another, or several techniques should be combined to improve the diagnosis of the damage state of the structures.
Journal Article
Real-time video fire/smoke detection based on CNN in antifire surveillance systems
This work presents a real-time video-based fire and smoke detection using YOLOv2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in antifire surveillance systems. YOLOv2 is designed with light-weight neural network architecture to account the requirements of embedded platforms. The training stage is processed off-line with indoor and outdoor fire and smoke image sets in different indoor and outdoor scenarios. Ground truth labeler app is used to generate the ground truth data from the training set. The trained model was tested and compared to the other state-of-the-art methods. We used a large scale of fire/smoke and negative videos in different environments, both indoor (e.g., a railway carriage, container, bus wagon, or home/office) or outdoor (e.g., storage or parking area). YOLOv2 is a better option compared to the other approaches for real-time fire/smoke detection. This work has been deployed in a low-cost embedded device (
Jetson Nano
), which is composed of a single, fixed camera per scene, working in the visible spectral range. There are not specific requirements for the video camera. Hence, when the proposed solution is applied for safety on-board vehicles, or in transport infrastructures, or smart cities, the camera installed in closed-circuit television surveillance systems can be reused. The achieved experimental results show that the proposed solution is suitable for creating a smart and real-time video-surveillance system for fire/smoke detection.
Journal Article