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In a familiar interpretation, the Non-Identity Problem (NIP) claims that persons whose existence depends on a seemingly harmful action cannot in fact be harmed through such an action. It is often objected that the persons in question can nevertheless be wronged through a violation of their rights. However, this objection seems to fail because these persons would readily waive any violated right in order to come into existence. The present article will analyze this Waiver Counter Argument in detail and show why it does not succeed. First, it is necessary to distinguish between a prospective and a retrospective waiver scenario. In the prospective scenario an imagined person (or a proxy) must consider whether she wants to waive a right in order to come into existence. In the retrospective scenario a person is asked whether she would prefer a wronged existence to never having been born. In both scenarios the conditions of a legitimate waiver of rights are not met, but for different reasons. On this basis, an argument against NIP can be developed.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249853.].[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249853.].

This article addresses the issue of spousal consent for retirees selecting a distribution option.

As renegociações de dívidas desempenham um papel fundamental na manutenção dos contratos entre credores e devedores. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre as características destas renegociações, especialmente em contextos económicos emergentes. A pesquisa sobre renegociação é importante, especialmente em contextos de economias emergentes como o Brasil. A elevada assimetria de informação, a baixa proteção dos direitos do credor e a dificuldade na execução da dívida, características dessas economias, fazem da renegociação um instrumento fundamental na relação contratual entre devedor e credor. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi analisar de forma abrangente as renegociações de dívidas dentro de uma economia emergente, mais especificamente o Brasil. A base de dados foi preparada manualmente a partir da leitura de mais de 3.000 notas às demonstrações financeiras, considerando todas as empresas listadas na bolsa de valores brasileira “B3” em 2021. Analisamos dados de 12 anos (2010 a 2021). Este estudo revelou maior concentração de renegociações de dívidas focadas em covenants (waivers) e prorrogações de prazo. Além disso, a maior parte das renegociações ocorre no quarto trimestre, com concentração relevante durante a pandemia de Covid-19 (2020 e 2021). Os bancos privados responderam por aproximadamente 45% das renegociações, enquanto o crédito no mercado de capitais representou quase 40%. Notavelmente, as empresas em boas condições financeiras tendem a renegociar menos as suas dívidas. Debt renegotiations play a fundamental role in maintaining contracts between creditors and borrowers. However, little is known about the characteristics of these renegotiations, especially in emerging economies like Brazil. High asymmetry of information, few protections for creditor rights, and the difficulty in executing the debt, which are characteristics of these economies, make renegotiation a fundamental instrument in the contractual relationship between creditor and borrower. Therefore, we aim to comprehensively analyze debt renegotiations within an emerging economy, specifically Brazil. The database was prepared manually by reading more than 3,000 notes to financial statements, considering all the companies listed on the Brazilian B3 stock exchange in 2021. We analyzed data from 12 years (2010 to 2021). This study reveals a higher concentration of debt renegotiations focused on covenants (waivers) and term extensions. Moreover, most renegotiations occurred in the fourth quarter, with a relevant concentration occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021). Private banks accounted for approximately 45% of renegotiations, while capital market credit represented nearly 40%. Notably, companies in good financial condition were less likely to renegotiate their debts.