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"Walnut Utilization."
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Preparation of Carbon Material Derived from Walnut Shell and Its Gas-Sensing Properties
China is the largest walnut producer with the largest planting area and output in the world. The discarded walnut shell (WS) is often burned or incinerated, which not only causes environmental pollution, but also may exacerbate the greenhouse effect. In order to realize resource utilization, WS was prepared into N-doped carbon materials through a simple and environmentally friendly hydrothermal reaction at 180°C. In order to further improve the N content of the product, peptone and WS were added to the hydrothermal reaction together to prepare carbon materials with higher N content. The gas-sensing properties of two biomass carbon materials were compared. The results show that higher N doping in carbon material derived from walnut shell contributes to higher selectivity for formaldehyde (CH2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at room temperature. Compared with the carbon material derived from pure WS, the responses of higher-N-doped carbon materials to CH2O and H2O2 was increased by 12 and 14 times, respectively. And the high-N-doped carbon material can detect a low concentration of H2O2 (0.29 ppm). This work provides a reference for the green utilization of fruit shells and the development of sensing materials.
Journal Article
Effects of potassium ferrate-walnut shell pretreatment on dehydration performance of residual sludge
Sludge dehydration is not only the first process of sludge reduction but also difficult for sludge treatment and disposal, while the high moisture content of sludge would also limit its resource utilization. In this paper, the residual sludge was treated by the strong oxidizing property of potassium ferrate (PF), and walnut shells were used as a skeleton builder to obtain the recycling dehydrated sludge. It also provides a new solution for the poor stability of PF in the treatment of sludge and waste walnut shells. The experiment results showed that the optimum dosage of PF and walnut shell was 60 mg/gDS and 0.8 g/gDS, respectively, and the water content of the combined PF and walnut shell treatment decreased by 5.2% and 3.7% compared to that of PF conditioning alone and walnut shell conditioning alone, respectively. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a large number of cracks on the sludge surface after the combined treatment, and the sludge floc structure became more loose and dispersed, and the hydrophobic substances humic acid and fulvic acid increased, indicating that the dewatering performance of the sludge was effectively improved, further confirming that the combined PF and walnut shells treatment provides a new idea and method for sludge dewatering.
Journal Article
Synthesis and characterization of high-performance activated carbon from walnut shell biomass for CO2 capture
An increasing level of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) in the atmosphere has ultimately resulted in global warming and climate change. The high-performance activated carbon (AC-WL) was synthesized from walnut shell, a low-cost biomass by-product, by physical activation using a tube furnace. The adsorption behavior of CO
2
from the CO
2
/N
2
mixture was investigated using a fixed bed. The surface and morphological characterizations of the produced activated carbons were measured using a BET analyzer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of temperature, flow rate, CO
2
level, and partial pressure on breakthrough behavior was analyzed, and the adsorption response presented in terms of breakthrough point and adsorption capacity. The breakthrough and saturation periods vary significantly with change in temperature. The steepness of the breakthrough curves signifies good utilization of adsorbent capacity at breakthrough point. The increase in temperatures and flow rates lead to an increase in the length of mass transfer zone. The adsorption capacity of 1.58 mmol/g was obtained at 1.30 bars and 293 K with higher capacity utilization factor of 0.8492.These results suggest that the walnut-based activated carbon is favorable for capturing CO
2
.
Journal Article
Quality Characteristics and Volatile Profile of Macarons Modified with Walnut Oilcake By-Product
Walnut oilcake is a low-cost by-product of the edible oil industry but at the same time it is a valuable source of dietary fiber, natural antioxidants, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the context of health-friendly confectionary food products and to reduce the production cost, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of walnut oilcake by-product on the quality characteristics and volatile profile of modified macarons. For this purpose, GC-MS and ITEX/GC-MS techniques were used to obtain the fatty acids methyl esters and the volatile profiles; physicochemical analyzes were performed to determine the nutritional characteristics and a nine-point hedonic scale test was performed for the sensory characteristics. The substitution of almond flour with 0%, 10%, 25% and 50% walnut oilcake powder increased the fiber, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity. Hedonic scores of the macaron samples made with different percentage of walnut oilcake decreased to additions of over 10%. Moreover, this result is emphasized by Pearson’s correlation parameters indicating as optimal addition for modified macarons, percentages up to 10% of walnut oilcake. This approach could reduce the costs related to the acquisition of the ingredients due to the oilcake price which is 3% of the almonds flour price.
Journal Article
Human-associated genetic landscape of walnuts in the Himalaya
Aims A comprehensive understanding of the genetic variation of walnuts (Juglans regia and J. sigillata) in the Himalaya and its potential drivers are essential for the conservation and sustainable utilization of these plant genetic resources. In this study, we aimed to uncover the genetic landscape of walnuts and potential drivers in the Himalaya for better utilization, awareness, sustainable management and conservation of the extant genetic resources of walnuts in the vast Himalayan landscape. Location The Himalaya biodiversity hotspot. Methods A total of 1410 wild or feral walnut trees from 65 populations of J. regia and J. sigillata across four countries in the Himalaya were collected. The genetic diversity, population structure, hybridization and gene flow were thoroughly investigated based on the chloroplast genome and 31 nuclear microsatellite markers. The patterns and drivers of the walnut genetic landscape were further explored. Results We detected three genetic groups of J. regia (JR1, JR2, JR3), one of J. sigillata (JS) and two hybrid types (JR1 × JS and JR3 × JS) of walnut in the Himalaya, with the western Himalaya identified as the genetic diversity hotspot of J. regia. The spatial genetic pattern of the J. regia was significantly influenced by geographic and climatic factors. Human‐mediated dispersal probably promoted the hybridization and gene introgression between J. regia and J. sigillata, which reshaped the genetic landscape of walnut populations in the Himalaya. Main Conclusions The extant genetic landscape of walnuts in the Himalaya was driven by natural and anthropogenic forces. Regarding conservation, the western and eastern Himalaya are the genetic reservoir of J. regia and J. sigillata, and hence, pure individuals should be urgently protected from frequent hybridization and introgression. In addition, we propose the utilization of natural hybrid resources coupled with new breeding techniques that combine genomic and phenotypic data.
Journal Article
Multistage Porous Carbon Derived from Enzyme-Treated Waste Walnut Green Husk and Polyethylene Glycol for Phase Change Energy Storage
The thermal storage performance, cost, and stability of phase-change materials (PCMs) are critical factors influencing their application in the field of thermal energy storage. Porous carbon, with its excellent support, thermal conductivity, and energy storage properties, is considered one of the most promising support matrix materials. However, the simple and efficient synthesis of high-performance and highly active bio-based materials under mild conditions still faces challenges. In our work, a novel method for preparing new functional composite phase-change materials based on enzyme treatment technology and using waste walnut green husk biomass and polyethylene glycol as raw materials was developed. The enzymatic treatment method exposes the internal structure of the walnut green husk, followed by the adjustment of the calcination temperature to increase the adsorption sites of the biochar, thereby stabilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG). The porous properties of walnut green husk biochar effectively regulate the phase-change behavior of polyethylene glycol. In the biochar carbonized at 600 °C, the PEG loading reached 72.09%, and the absorption heat of the solid–solid phase-change material (SSPCM) reached 194.76 J g−1. This work not only enriches the application of biomass in heat storage but also demonstrates the broad prospects of SSPCMs in solar thermal utilization.
Journal Article
Valorization of Traditional Italian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Production: Genetic, Nutritional and Sensory Characterization of Locally Grown Varieties in the Trentino Region
Juglans regia (L.) is cultivated worldwide for its nutrient-rich nuts. In Italy, despite the growing demand, walnut cultivation has gone through a strong decline in recent decades, which led to Italy being among the top five net importing countries. To promote the development of local high-quality Italian walnut production, we devised a multidisciplinary project to highlight the distinctive traits of three varieties grown in the mountainous region Trentino (northeast of Italy): the heirloom ‘Bleggiana’, a second local accession called local Franquette and the French cultivar ‘Lara’, recently introduced in the local production to increase yield. The genetic characterization confirmed the uniqueness of ‘Bleggiana’ and revealed local Franquette as a newly described autochthonous variety, thus named ‘Blegette’. The metabolic profiles highlighted a valuable nutritional composition of the local varieties, richer in polyphenols and with a lower ω-6/ω-3 ratio than the commercial ‘Lara’. ‘Blegette’ obtained the highest preference scores from consumers for both the visual aspect and tasting; however, the volatile organic compound profiles did not discriminate among the characterized cultivars. The described local varieties represent an interesting reservoir of walnut genetic diversity and quality properties, which deserve future investigation on agronomically useful traits (e.g., local adaptation and water usage) for a high-quality and sustainable production.
Journal Article
Metabolic pathway analysis of walnut endophytic bacterium Bacillus subtilis HB1310 related to lipid production from fermentation of cotton stalk hydrolysate based on genome sequencing
ObjectivesIn this study, genome sequencing and metabolic analysis were used to identify and verify the key metabolic pathways for glucose and xylose utilization and fatty acid synthesis in the walnut endophytic bacterium (WEB) Bacillus subtilis HB1310.ResultsThe genome sequence of WEB HB1310 was generated with a size of 4.1 Mb and GC content of 43.5%. Genome annotation indicated that the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas, pentose phosphate, and fatty acid synthesis pathways were mainly involved in mixed sugar utilization and lipid production. In particular, diverse and abundant fatty acid synthesis genes were observed in a higher number than in other Bacillus strains. The tricarboxylic acid cycle competitively shared the carbon flux flowing before 48 h, and the acetic acid fermentation competed after 72 h. Moreover, fatty acid synthase activity was highly correlated with lipid titer with a correlation coefficient of 0.9626, and NADPH might be more utilized for the lipid synthesis within 48 h.ConclusionsThis study is the first attempt to explain the metabolic mechanism of mixed sugar utilization and lipid production based on genomic information, which provides a theoretical basis for the metabolic regulation of bacterial lipid production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
Journal Article
Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of common walnut (Juglans regia) germplasm with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers
The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 94 common walnut germplasm resources from different provinces in China using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The 10 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers amplified a total of 137 clearly identifiable loci, with an average of 13.7 loci per marker. The mean values of observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s diversity index (H), Shannon’s information index (I), and polymorphism information content (PIC) of the primers were 1.997, 1.295, 0.197, 0.327, and 0.504, respectively. Genetic relationship analysis was performed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and neighbour-joining cluster analysis (NJ) to classify germplasm into 3 and 11 groups. Germplasm from different regions was interspersed in the groups, suggesting that there was also a certain degree of kinship between germplasm resources from different regions. All germplasms were divided into two populations by structural analysis, and there was low genetic differentiation between them, suggesting relatively narrow resource utilization and a relatively low genetic base of cultivars in breeding units over time. The above results indicated that the DNA clustering of walnut germplasm is not related to its geographical origin but rather to its genetic relationship, suggesting the complexity of the genetic background of walnut germplasm. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further rational use of walnut germplasm resources and for breeding new walnut cultivars with exceptional traits.
Journal Article