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Far from the battlefront, hundreds of thousands of workers toiled in Bohemian factories over the course of World War I, and their lives were inescapably shaped by the conflict. In particular, they faced new and dramatic forms of material hardship that strained social ties and placed in sharp relief the most mundane aspects of daily life, such as when, what, and with whom to eat. This study reconstructs the experience of the Bohemian working class during the Great War through explorations of four basic spheres—food, labor, gender, and protest—that comprise a fascinating case study in early twentieth-century social history.

As Marko Dumančić writes in his introduction to Gender, Sexuality, and the Cold War , \"despite the centrality of gender and sexuality in human relations, their scholarly study has played a secondary role in the history of the Cold War. . . . It is not an exaggeration to say that few were left unaffected by Cold War gender politics; even those who were in charge of producing, disseminating, and enforcing cultural norms were called on to live by the gender and sexuality models into which they breathed life.\" This underscores the importance of this volume, as here scholars tackle issues ranging from depictions of masculinity during the all-consuming space race, to the vibrant activism of Indian peasant women during this period, to the policing of sexuality inside the militaries of the world. Gender, Sexuality, and the Cold War brings together a diverse group of scholars whose combined research spans fifteen countries across five continents, claiming a place as the first volume to examine how issues of gender and sexuality impacted both the domestic and foreign policies of states, far beyond the borders of the United States, during the tumult of the Cold War.

Secondary trauma exposure is associated with secondary traumatic stress and impaired mental well-being, but effects on physical health and behaviors are less understood. This study addresses this gap by examining associations between secondary trauma exposure and physical, mental and behavioral health outcomes six months after the October 7th terror attack in Israel, and whether these differed by sex. We administered a population-based survey among n = 1128 Israeli adults (50% women). Secondary trauma exposure was assessed by source: professional activity, firsthand accounts, and media (television, internet/social media, newspaper, radio). Outcomes included self-reported worsening mental and physical health, worsening sleep, and initiation of ≥2 negative health behaviors. Overall and sex-stratified logistic regression models were used to estimate average marginal effects adjusted for sociodemographic factors, social wellbeing and direct/indirect trauma. Unexpectedly, profession-related exposure was inversely associated with worsening health behaviors; in sex-stratified analyses, this trend appeared only in men and extended across outcomes (8.3–19.5% lower predicted probabilities). Exposure to firsthand accounts was associated with worsening health behaviors in men and worsening mental health in women (12.0% and 14.6% increases, respectively). Media exposure via television and internet/social media was associated with worsening sleep; exposure to multiple media sources was associated with both worsening sleep and mental health. A cumulative media-exposure effect was observed only in women. Secondary trauma exposure was associated with decline in mental health, physical health and health behaviors, beyond direct/indirect war-related trauma. Source-specific and sex-specific patterns highlight the importance of tailored strategies to reduce health consequences of secondary trauma during crises. •Assessed impact of secondary trauma on physical and mental health and behaviors.•Exposure via TV and internet/social media associated with poorer sleep overall.•Work-related exposure associated with better outcomes in men, worse in women.•Sex differences also seen for firsthand and multiple media sources trauma exposure.•Sex-specific strategies are needed to reduce health risks of secondary trauma.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom disorder affecting 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War veterans and is characterized by post-exertional malaise, neurological symptoms, immune deregulation, and exhaustion. Causation is not understood, and effective diagnostics and therapies have not yet been developed. In this work, we analyzed stress-related, sex-specific transcriptomic shifts in GWI subjects and healthy controls through RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Blood samples at baseline (T0), at maximal exertion (T1), and four hours post-exertion (T2) were analyzed. In female subjects with GWI, pathways associated with pro-inflammatory processes were found to be deregulated, and in male GWI subjects, pathways related to IL-12 signaling and lymphocytic activation were deregulated at T1 compared to T0. During recovery from stress, pathways corresponding to immune responses and microglial cell activation were altered in female GWI subjects, and apoptotic signaling changed in males with GWI. Documented sex-specific immune deregulation leads to finding better biomarkers. Targeting sex-specific transcriptomic markers of the disease could lead to new therapies for GWI.

What role did gender and sexuality play in the making of the 1949 Geneva Conventions? And how did the drafters of the most important document ever formulated for armed conflict envision men and women's rights in wartime? Until now, most scholars have treated these questions only marginally. Drawing on multi-archival materials and critical and feminist approaches to international law, this article demonstrates how the Convention's drafters tried to recover prewar sex differences as part of a much larger sexual restoration after 1945. Instrumentalizing the sexes proved integral to humanitarian law's construction in the fragile geopolitical landscape of the early Cold War and decolonization. Gendering the Geneva Conventions has a special significance for practitioners and scholars tracing the origins of international law. It exposes how gender has shaped the very nature of international law in wartime and offers new perspectives on questions relating to international law, global legal politics, and sexual violence.

This book provides a conceptual framework for understanding war rape and its impact, through empirical examination of the case of Bosnia. Providing a contextual understanding of sexual violence in war, and situating Bosnian war rape in relation to subsequent conflicts, the book offers a methodological outline of how sexual violence in war can be studied from a political-psychological perspective. It presents empirical findings from the field that show what war rape can entail in the aftermath of armed conflict for victims and their communities. Through its comprehensive approach to Bosnian experiences, the volume expands the conceptualization of victimhood and challenges the assumption that sexual violence is a particularly difficult theme to study because of victim silence. Rather, the author demonstrates there are many voices that can provide insight and understandings of war rape and its impact without having to compromise the safety and privacy of individual victims. Finally, the book shows the ways in which individual experiences of war rape are shaped by national and international discourses on gender, sexuality and politics. This book will be of interest to students of political psychology, war and conflict studies, European politics, ethnic conflict, politics and IR in general.

In conflict zones from Iraq and Afghanistan to Guatemala and Somalia, the rules of war are changing dramatically. Distinctions between battlefield and home, soldier and civilian, state security and domestic security are breaking down. In this especially timely book, a powerful group of international authors doing feminist research brings the highly gendered and racialized dimensions of these changes into sharp relief. In essays on nationalism, the political economy of conflict, and the politics of asylum, they investigate what happens when the body, household, nation, state, and economy become sites at which violence is invoked against people. In particular, these hard-hitting essays move us forward in our understanding of violence against women—how it is perpetrated, survived, and resisted. They explore the gendered politics of ethno-nationalism in Sri Lanka, the post-Yugoslav states, and Israel and Palestine. They consider \"honor killings\" in Iraqi Kurdistan, armed conflict in the Sudan, and geographies of violence in Ghana. This volume augments feminist analysis on conflict zones and contributes to transnational coalition-building and feminist organizing.

OBJECTIVE:Estimate and compare the prevalence of Gulf War Illness (GWI) in male and female Gulf War veterans using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and modified Kansas case definitions. METHODS:Data from the landmark CDC Air Force Study of GW Air Force veterans is used. RESULTS:Nearly half of the deployed veterans met the GWI CDC case definition compared with 14% of non-deployed veterans. Only 29% met the definition using the modified Kansas criteria compared with 8% of non-deployed veterans. Deployed veterans and female veterans exhibited significantly higher GWI risk. Female GW veterans had higher rates of severe and mild-to-moderate cases of GWI. CONCLUSION:Results suggest increased GWI rates based on CDC and modified Kansas criteria among deployed and female veterans. Further research is needed to examine the chronic health outcomes of female GW veterans independently.

Background The 2023 Gaza War has had profound psychological impacts on Palestinian students, particularly those at Al-Quds University. Students at Al-Quds University face significant mental health challenges due to exposure to conflict-related trauma, which is exacerbated by direct and indirect stressors, including displacement and the influence of social media. This study aims to assess the prevalence of PTSD among Al-Quds University students and investigate its associations with demographic, psychological, and academic factors, specifically gender, living arrangements, academic specialization, and geographic origin. Methodology This descriptive cross-sectional study assessed PTSD prevalence among students at Al-Quds University using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), a validated tool for PTSD assessment in this context. A bilingual (Arabic and English) self-administered questionnaire was distributed online. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 to examine associations between PTSD symptoms and demographic or psychological factors. Results High PTSD symptom severity was reported in 71.3% of participants, with 14.7% identified as probable cases and 10.7% with clinical concerns. Gender differences were evident, as males showed higher mean PTSD scores than females (49.39 vs. 43.22, p  < 0.001). Students in student housing exhibited significantly higher PTSD scores than those living with family (49.37 vs. 42.16, p  < 0.001). Psychological factors, such as perceived academic disruption and guilt during positive events, were significantly associated with PTSD severity ( p  = 0.037, p  = 0.005). Conclusion The findings emphasize the urgent need for trauma-informed mental health interventions tailored to students in conflict zones. Addressing systemic stressors and providing targeted support can mitigate the psychological burden in these vulnerable populations. Clinical trial number Not applicable.