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After many years in the little-known world of back-channel mediation, helping sworn adversaries to prevent, manage or resolve conflict, Pierre Hazan felt compelled to re-examine the acute practical and ethical dilemmas that affected his work in Bosnia, Ukraine, the Sahel and the Central African Republic. What is the mediator's responsibility when two belligerents conclude a peace agreement to the detriment of a third? Should mediators never be party to 'ethnic cleansing', even if it saves lives? Is a fragile peace worth sacrificing justice for-or will that sacrifice fuel another cycle of violence? In an increasingly dystopian world, this book offers both practical guidelines and a moral compass for mediators whose field of action has transformed dramatically.

This article presents new data on the start and end dates and the means of termination for armed conflicts, 1946–2005. These data contribute to quantitative research on conflict resolution and recurrence in three important respects: the data cover both interstate and intrastate armed conflicts, the data cover low-intensity conflicts, and the data provide information on a broad range of termination outcomes. In order to disaggregate the UCDP-PRIO Armed Conflict dataset into multiple analytical units, this dataset introduces the concept of conflict episodes, defined as years of continuous use of armed force in a conflict. Using these data, general trends and patterns are presented, showing that conflicts do not exclusively end with decisive outcomes such as victory or peace agreement but more often under unclear circumstances where fighting simply ceases. This pattern is consistent across different types of conflict, as is the finding that victories are more common in conflicts with short duration. The article then examines some factors that have been found to predict civil war recurrence and explores whether using the new dataset produces similar results. This exercise offers a number of interesting new insights and finds that the determinants for civil war recurrence identified in previous research are sensitive to alternate formulations of conflict termination data. The findings suggest that intrastate conflicts are less likely to recur after government victories or after the deployment of peacekeepers. If the previous conflict is fought with rebels aiming for total control over government or if the belligerents mobilized along ethnic lines, the risk of recurrence increases. The discrepancy in findings with previous research indicates the need for further study of conflict resolution and recurrence, for which this dataset will be useful.

The promotion of the rule of law has become an increasingly important element of peacekeeping and peacebuilding operations, particularly in Africa, where there have been numerous internal armed conflicts and missions over the last decade.　 This book explores the expanding international efforts to promote rule of law in countries emerging from violent conflict. With a focus on Africa, the authors critically examines the impact of these activities in relation to liberal peacebuilding, rule of law institutions, and the range of non-state providers of justice and security. They also assess the virtues and limitations of rule of law reform efforts, and policy alternatives. 　It brings together expert scholars and practioners from politics, law, anthropology and conflict studies, and features detailed case studies on Rwanda, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Making an important contribution to debates about peacebuilding, and assisting specific efforts in reforming the rule of law after conflict, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, law, African politics, post-conflict reconstruction, peace and conflict studies, as well as practitioners in the UN, development agencies and NGOs. 'This is a valuable volume from a wide range of scholars offering not just cogent analysis on challenges to the rule of law in vulnerable and post-conflict societies but also insightful policy recommendations. Scholars and practitioners equally will find it stimulating and useful.' – David M. Malone, President, International Development Research Centre 'This timely and comprehensive book presents a thoughtful analysis of peace-building; the 'fourth pillar' of international security. Combining perspectives from scholars and practitioners, the book offers new insight into the challenges and lessons of post-conflict reconstruction in Africa. It will be of wide interest to anyone who cares about the rule of law, global governance, and the future of a conflicted continent.' – Alison Brysk, Professor, Political Science and International Studies, University of California, Irvine 1. Promoting the Rule of Law: From Liberal to Institutional Peacebuilding Chandra Lekha Sriram, Olga Martin-Ortega and Johanna Herman 2. Traditional Justice as Rule of Law in Africa: An Anthropological Perspective Juan Obarrio 3. The Rule of Law in Liberal Peacebuilding Oliver Richmond 4. Rule of Law, Peacekeeping and the United Nations Rob Pulver 5. (Re)creating the Rule of Law, Post Conflict, in Africa: From Constitutional Protections to Oversight Mechanisms Muna Ndulo 6. Rule of Law in the Democratic Republic of Congo Pall Davidsson with Fríða Thoroddsen 7. (Re)building the Rule of Law in Sierra Leone: Beyond the Formal Sector? Chandra Lekha Sriram 8. Narrowing Gaps in Justice: Rule of Law Programming in Liberia Johanna Herman and Olga Martin-Ortega 9. Creating Demand in Darfur: Circling the Square Sarah Maguire 10. The Anti-Politics of Transitional Justice: Lessons from Rwanda Stephen Brown 11. Just Peace? Lessons Learned and Policy Insights Chandra Lekha Sriram, Olga Martin-Ortega and Johanna Herman Chandra Lekha Sriram is Professor of Human Rights in the School of Law, at the University of East London. Olga Martin-Ortega is Senior Research Fellow at the Centre on Human Rights in Conflict at the University of East London. Johanna Herman is Research Fellow at the Centre on Human Rights in Conflict at the University of East London.

Building on the powerful argument for peace laid out in his first book, Will War Ever End, Paul K. Chappell now explains in detail how together we can end the wars between countries, our ongoing war with nature, and the suffering in our hearts.

This collection of essays brings together some of the leading legal, political and moral theorists to discuss the normative issues that arise when war concludes and when a society strives to regain peace. In the transition from war, mass atrocity or a repressive regime, how should we regard the idea of democracy and human rights? Should regimes be toppled unless they are democratic or is it sufficient that these regimes are less repressive than before? Are there moral reasons for thinking that soldiers should be relieved of responsibility so as to advance the goal of peace building? And how should we regard the often conflicting goals of telling the truth about what occurred in the past and allowing individuals to have their day in court? These questions and more are analyzed in detail. It also explores whether jus post bellum itself should be a distinct field of inquiry.

What makes wars drag on and why do they end when they do? Here H. E. Goemans brings theoretical rigor and empirical depth to a long-standing question of securities studies. He explores how various government leaders assess the cost of war in terms of domestic politics and their own postwar fates. Goemans first develops the argument that two sides will wage war until both gain sufficient knowledge of the other's strengths and weaknesses so as to agree on the probable outcome of continued war. Yet the incentives that motivate leaders to then terminate war, Goemans maintains, can vary greatly depending on the type of government they represent. The author looks at democracies, dictatorships, and mixed regimes and compares the willingness among leaders to back out of wars or risk the costs of continued warfare. Democracies, according to Goemans, will prefer to withdraw quickly from a war they are not winning in order to appease the populace. Autocracies will do likewise so as not to be overthrown by their internal enemies. Mixed regimes, which are made up of several competing groups and which exclude a substantial proportion of the people from access to power, will likely see little risk in continuing a losing war in the hope of turning the tide. Goemans explores the conditions and the reasoning behind this \"gamble for resurrection\" as well as other strategies, using rational choice theory, statistical analysis, and detailed case studies of Germany, Britain, France, and Russia during World War I. In so doing, he offers a new perspective of the Great War that integrates domestic politics, international politics, and battlefield developments.