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Determining how to apply hydrogen as a therapeutic/preventive antioxidant for oxidative-stress-related diseases practically in daily life has not been studied. The effects of bathtubs and buckets filled with hydrogen water (41 °C, >10 min bathing) were investigated on six subjects, without a medical prescription, suffering from skin roughness on the foot, hand, finger, or elbow. They were also treated with an electrolyzer composed of a lattice-shaped, microscopically flat, platinum-plated three-layer electrode, except for one subject who was treated with a micro-porous emittance terminal hydrogen-jetting apparatus, resulting in improvements in both cases. For another subject with similar skin roughness on both hands, immersing the right hand in an electrolytically generated hydrogen water bucket showed more marked improvement than immersing the left hand in a bucket with normal water. The nano-bubbles (average, mode, and median sizes of 157 nm, 136 nm, and 94 nm, respectively) increased 3.79 fold to 2.20 × 108/mL after 30 min electrolysis with 2 L of tap water and were boiling (98 °C, 2 min)-resistant, with heat stability in nano-bubbles as small as 69–101 nm, as evaluated by laser-beam-based Brownian movement trailing Nano-Sight analysis. The marked increase in nano-bubbles caused by electrolysis correlated with an increase in dissolved hydrogen (<15 μg/L to 527 μg/L) but not a decrease in dissolved oxygen (9.45 mg/L to 6.94 mg/L). Thus, the present study proposed the novelty of hydrogen regarding its contribution to health from the perspective that hydrogen-nano-bubble-rich water in a foot bucket, which was additively used together with a conventional bathtub and can be frequently used in daily life, improved diverse types of skin roughness.

The marine ecosystem is a key biogeochemical engine driven by complex hydrodynamic processes and harbors significant microbial abundance and diversity. However, the influence of warm‐water dynamics on marine microbial community composition and ecological function remains unclear. In this study, we used high‐throughput sequencing to investigate the impact of water temperature on the composition and ecological processes of marine microbial communities in the Beibu Gulf. We found that temperature variation strongly influenced microbial community composition and ecological function in seawater. Proteobacteria were enriched in warm zones, whereas Cyanobacteria abundance decreased as the temperature increased. The transition zone exhibited the highest alpha diversity in summer and winter, suggesting favorable ecological niches under intermediate conditions. Functional analysis indicated that metabolic pathways dominated, particularly in the transition and warm zones in summer and winter. Random Forest analysis revealed Synechococcus sp. RCC307 had the highest relative abundance in the warm water zone in spring. Fulvimarina pelagi HTCC2506 was a summer warm‐water specialist, and Acinetobacter sp. PmeaMuc16 and Agrobacterium radiobacter were warm‐water indicator species in winter. Overall, these findings emphasize the critical role of thermal regimes in shaping bacterial communities in subtropical marine ecosystems and provide new insights into predicting microbial responses under ocean warming scenarios. In this study, high‐throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the impact of water temperature on the composition and ecological functions of marine microbial communities in the Beibu Gulf. It was found that temperature variations significantly influenced the composition and ecological functions of these microbial communities. Specifically, different temperature zones harbored distinct dominant microbial species, highlighting the critical role of thermal regimes in shaping bacterial communities within subtropical marine ecosystems.

Aim Ocean warming has been observed in a number of marine ecosystems and is believed to influence marine species in many ways, such as through changes in distribution range and abundance. In this study, we investigated the potential impacts of climate change on the distribution and maximum catch potential of 34 warm water fishes from 2000 to 2060. Location Yellow Sea, China. Methods We used a dynamic bioclimate envelope model under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios with Earth system models, including GFDL, IPSL, MPI and their ensemble average, to predict current species distributions and their relative abundance and project future species distributions and maximum catch potential (MCP). Results are subsequently summarized by indices such latitudinal centroid (LC) and mean temperature of relative abundance (MTRA). Results Our results showed that the 34 warm water fish species in the Yellow Sea will likely shift to lower latitude regions under future climate change scenarios. In particular, the average LC in the Earth system models of GFDL, IPSL and MPI from 1970 to 2060 is projected to shift at rate of −2.96 ± 1.29 (SE) and −3.20 ± 1.94 (SE) km per decade under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. In addition, the corresponding maximum catch potential is decreased under the above climate change scenarios. The projected changes in the distribution may have major ecological and socio‐economic importance as well as implications for invasive species management, marine ranching construction and shifts in fishing grounds. Main conclusions The projected distribution of 34 warm water fish species in the Yellow Sea shifted to lower latitudes from 2000 to 2060 following both RCP scenarios and Earth system models. This result is contrary to the projections of previous studies suggesting that fish species can shift to higher latitudes or deeper waters under increased temperature scenarios. This difference might be due to the semi‐enclosed shelf sea of Yellow Sea, which is commonly influenced by the fluctuation of the coastal current, the warm current, the cold water mass and overfishing.

The emphasis on sustainability in materials related to the construction and transportation sectors has renewed interest in the usage of natural fibers. In this manuscript, a different perspective is taken in adopting oil palm fibers (OPF) to develop composite panels and understand their acoustic, mechanical, and water susceptibility (including warm water analysis) properties to provide an insight into the potential of these panels for further exploration. The binder for these composite panels is a water-based acrylic resin, and for reinforcement purposes, fly ash and other metal oxides are used. It is shown that the presence of fibers positively influences the acoustic absorption coefficient in the critical mid-frequency range of 1000–3000 Hz. Even the noise reduction coefficient values highlighting the octave band are higher by more than 50% in the presence of fibers as compared to traditional refractory boards. Quasistatic indentation and drop-weight tests have also highlighted the excellent performance of the composite panels developed in this work. Though the water immersion tests on composite panels and subsequent analysis showed relatively minor changes in their performance, the immersion of the panels in caustic warm water for 56 days has resulted in their severe degradation with a loss of more than 65% in flexural strength.

During August 2017, the Kuroshio began to follow its large meander (LM) path, and this was 12 years after the last LM event. Such LM events lead to the formation of an inshore cyclonic eddy (ICE) within the Kuroshio inshore region between the Kuroshio and the southern coast of Japan. We analyzed data from repeated seasonal surveys along a transect that followed 138°E, and from additional surveys, satellite observations, Argo floats, and a high-resolution reanalysis dataset to describe the temporal variation of the LM and ICE between 2017 and 2021. Cross sections from the repeated surveys highlighted the variations in the water mass structures. The time series of the indicators of the ICE intensity such as the Kuroshio volume transport and the planetary contribution of potential vorticity ( Q ) in the ICE revealed a maintenance trend in their intensity during the observation period. High- Q water was distributed in the ICE during the LM period compared to the non-LM period, and showed a clear seasonality within the shallower layers, suggesting the injection of Q via the advection from the upstream region in summer. Additional surveys captured an eddy that became detached from the ICE during summer 2020. This detached eddy had a Q value greater than the ICE and velocity similar to the Kuroshio, suggesting that the main stream had become temporarily separated. The structures and volume transport of warm water intrusions into the inshore region were also examined, and centrifugal instability was considered to be one of their generation mechanism.

This study demonstrates that the generalization that strong anomalous equatorial Pacific westerly (easterly) winds during El Niño (La Niña) events display strong adjusted warm water volume (WWV) discharges (recharges) is often incorrect. Using ocean model simulations, we categorize the oceanic adjusted responses to strong anomalous equatorial winds into two categories: (i) transitioning (consistent with the above generalization) and (ii) neutral adjusted responses (with negligible WWV recharge and discharge). During the 1980–2016 period only 47% of strong anomalous equatorial winds are followed by transitioning adjusted responses, while the remaining are followed by neutral adjusted responses. Moreover, 55% (only 30%) of the strongest winds lead to transitioning adjusted responses during the pre-2000 (post-2000) period in agreement with the previously reported post-2000 decline of WWV lead time to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The prominent neutral adjusted WWV response is shown to be largely excited by anomalous wind stress forcing with a weaker curl (on average consistent with a higher ratio of off-equatorial to equatorial wind events) and weaker Rossby wave projection than the transitioning adjusted response. We also identify a prominent ENSO phase asymmetry where strong anomalous equatorial westerly winds (i.e., El Niño events) are roughly 1.6 times more likely to strongly discharge WWV than strong anomalous equatorial easterly winds (i.e., La Niña events) are to strongly recharge WWV. This ENSO phase asymmetry may be added to the list of mechanisms proposed to explain why El Niño events have a stronger tendency to be followed by La Niña events than vice versa.

The Warm Water Volume (WWV), a proxy for the equatorial Pacific heat content, is the most widely used oceanic precursor of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The standard interpretation of this lead relation in the context of the recharge oscillator theory is that anomalous easterlies during, e.g. La Niña, favour a slow recharge of the equatorial band that will later favour a transition to El Niño. Here we demonstrate that WWV only works as the best ENSO predictor during boreal spring, i.e. during ENSO onset, in both observations and CMIP5 models. At longer lead times, the heat content in the western Pacific (WWV W ) is the best ENSO predictor, as initially formulated in the recharge oscillator theory. Using idealised and realistic experiments with a linear continuously stratified ocean model, and a comprehensive wave decomposition method, we demonstrate that spring WWV mostly reflects the fast Kelvin wave response to wind anomalies early in the year, rather than the longer-term influence of winds during the previous year. WWV is hence not an adequate index of the slow recharge invoked in the recharge oscillator. The WWV W evolution before spring is dominated by forced Rossby waves, with a smaller contribution from the western boundary reflection. WWV W can be approximated from the integral of equatorial wind stress over the previous ~ 10 months, thus involving a longer-term time scale than WWV main time scale (~ 3 months). We hence recommend using WWV W rather than WWV as an index for the slow recharge before the spring predictability barrier.

The cold, low-salinity, and nutrient-rich Zhe-Min Coastal Water (ZMCW), an important part of the China Coastal Current, plays a key role in the hydrodynamics, biogeochemical processes and marine ecosystem in the Taiwan Strait (TWS). In this study, the long-term characteristics of the ZMCW were investigated using available data sets, including merged satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) data, wind, ocean current, and heat flux data. The results demonstrated that the impact area and intensity of the ZMCW decreased from 1986 to 1998, and then increased significantly from 1999 to 2016. The enhancements of the ZMCW resulted in SST reductions after 1998. The enhancements of the ZMCW in winter after 1998 can be attributed to the intensification of northeast winds, weakening of the Strait Warm Water, and increasing of net surface heat flux (from ocean to atmosphere). In addition, the impact area and intensity of the ZMCW tend to strengthen during La Niña and weaken during El Niño events.

The marine environment of the Arctic Ocean has changed rapidly in recent decades. We used reanalysis data and observational data to explore the variations in the upper ocean heat content (OHC) of the Canadian Basin (CB) and the variations in the temperature profiles of the Southern Canadian Basin (SCB). Both the reanalysis data and observational data show increasing trends for the OHC of the CB from 1993 to 2023. Compared to the World Ocean Atlas data (WOA 18/23), the reanalysis data (ORAS5 or GLORYS12V1) significantly underestimated the values of the upper OHC of the Canadian Basin. To explain the OHC differences, the Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) observational data were used to analyze the variations in the vertical temperature profiles. We found that the reanalysis data remarkably underestimated the maximum temperatures of the subsurface Pacific warm water and its increasing trend. Based on the short-term prediction results from the Bi-LSTM neural network, we forecasted that the upper OHC will continue to increase in the SCB, mainly due to the warming of the intermediate Atlantic warm water. The research results provide a valuable reference for assessing and improving climate-coupled models.

The loss of freshwater fish habitats, exacerbated by climate change and dam constructions, poses a critical environmental concern. The upper Yangtze River basin, noted for its abundant fish fauna and concentrated dam development, serves as a crucial locale for investigating the impacts of climate shifts and dam construction. This study aims to disentangle the impacts of hydroelectric dams and climate change on fish habitat distribution by analyzing species presence data across different periods. Species distribution models were constructed using Maxent for Coreius guichenoti (a warm‐water endangered fish) and Schizopygopsis malacanthus (a cold‐water endangered fish). The model accuracy was assessed using the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic. Habitat distribution modeling and prediction for the pre‐dam period (1970–2000) and post‐dam period (2001–2020), as well as future climate change under two shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios, were conducted. The impacts of climate change and dam construction on the habitat suitability of two fish species were quantified. The results revealed dam construction predominantly diminished habitat suitability and range, with high‐suitability habitats in the post‐dam period decreasing by 56.3% (720.18 km) and 67.0% (1665.52 km) for the two fishes, respectively. Climate change would enhance the habitat suitability of Coreius guichenoti, while it would decrease the habitat suitability of Schizopygopsis malacanthus. The impact of dam construction is greater that of climate change for them. This study underscores the profound impacts of dam construction on fish habitats, particularly for cold‐water species, and highlights the critical need for habitat restoration in sustainable hydropower development. Our method of disentangling these factors also provides a new approach to evaluating environmental impacts in large river basins. Understanding how cold‐water and warm‐water fish cope with various stressors such as climate change and dam construction is crucial for the conservation of freshwater fish ecosystems. This study proposes to incorporate the information on dam impact implicitly existing in the species presence data in different periods to disentangle the impacts of hydroelectric dams and climate change on cold‐water and warm‐water fish habitat distribution in the upper Yangtze River basin.