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La lesión deportiva trae consigo deterioro de la salud física y mental del atleta, gastos económicos y perdida de los entrenamientos y competencias jugando un papel fundamental en el éxito deportivo, los programas de prevención de lesiones se vienen implementando como una herramienta eficaz en el cuidado de la salud y la optimización del rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Comparar el comportamiento de la lesión en atletas posterior a un programa de prevención de lesiones. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio casi experimental, de tipo comparativo con 80 deportistas, de Actividades Subacuáticas, bádminton, judo, halterofilia, patinaje, triatlón y taekwondo del departamento del Cauca, aplicando un programa preventivo de calentamiento neuromuscular estructurado en el cual se comparaba en la misma muestra de sujetos un antes y un después; para la vigilancia de la lesión se utilizó una ficha de seguimiento del comportamiento de la lesión. Resultados: Antes de la aplicación del programa de prevención de lesiones, el 55% de los deportistas presentaron lesión, siendo de mayor frecuencia las tendinopatía y los esguinces, donde la rodilla fue la articulación más afectada, mientras que luego de la aplicación del programa de prevención aparecieron lesiones en el 34% (36/80) de los deportistas; clínicamente se encontró que los deportes de combate, de tiempo y marca presentaron una reducción de lesión del 25,8% y 2,8% respectivamente post intervención, en cambio los deportes de pelotas y raqueta aumentaron incidencia de lesión en un 20%

Foi aplicado um questionário \"Aquecimento em ambiente competitivo na Natação Pura Desportiva (NPD): caraterização das estratégias utilizadas pelos treinadores portugueses\", desenvolvido com base no questionário \"Current warm-up practices and contemporary issues faced by elite swimming coaches\" (McGowan et al., 2016)\". A systematic review of the effects of upper body warmup on performance and injury. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(12), 3471-3480.

While there is ample evidence on the effects of neuromuscular training (NMT) and stretching training on selected measures of physical fitness in young athletes, less is known on the mental well-being effects. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of NMT versus stretching training (ST) performed during the warm-up and active control (CG) on selected physical fitness measures and mental well-being in highly-trained male pubertal soccer players. A secondary aim was to investigate associations between training-induced changes in physical fitness and mental well-being. Forty-six pubertal participants aged 12.2 ± 0.6 years were randomly allocated to NMT, ST, or CG. The eight-weeks NMT included balance, strength, plyometric, and change-of-direction (CoD) exercises. ST comprised four weeks of lower limbs static stretching followed by four weeks of dynamic stretching. The CG performed a soccer-specific warm-up. Training volumes were similar between groups. Pre-, and post-training, tests were scheduled to assess dynamic balance (Y-balance test), 15-m CoD speed, power (five-jump-test [FJT]), cognitive (CA), somatic anxiety (SA), and self-confidence (SC). Findings showed significant group-by-time interactions for all physical fitness measures (d =  1.00-3.23; p < 0.05) and mental well-being (d = 0.97-1.08; p < 0.05) tests. There were significant pre-post changes for all tested variables (d = 0.69-4.23; p < 0.05) in favor of NMT but not ST and CG. Pooled data indicated significant moderate correlations between training-induced performance changes in FJT and SA (r = −0.378, p < 0.05), FJT and SC (r = 0.360, p < 0.05) and 15-m CoD and SA (r = 0.393, p < 0.01). NMT but not ST or CG resulted in improved measures of physical fitness and mental well-being in highly-trained pubertal male soccer players. NMT performed during the warm-up is a safe and effective training method as it exerts positive effects on physical fitness and self-confidence as well as the coping of anxiety in highly-trained male pubertal soccer players.

Dynamic stretching (DS) is performed to increase sports performance and is also used primarily for transiently increasing range of motion (ROM). Recently, vibration foam rolling (VFR) has emerged. Its underlying concept is that it combines foam rolling techniques with local vibration to improve ROM and muscular activation concurrently. This crossover study investigated the effects of DS or DS followed by VFR (DS + VFR) during warm-ups on flexibility, muscle stiffness, power, and agility of the lower limbs in badminton athletes. Forty badminton players performed DS or DS + VFR as warm-up exercises on two occasions in a randomized order. The target muscle groups were the bilateral shoulder, anterior and posterior thigh, posterior calf, and lower back. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was knee range of motion (ROM), and the secondary outcomes were muscle stiffness, lower limb power (countermovement jump [CMJ]), and agility. Results indicated that the protocols improved performance. DS increased knee flexion ROM (% change = 1.92, ES = 0.3, p = 0.033), CMJ height (% change = 5.04, ES = 0.2, p = 0.004), and agility (% change = -4.97, ES = 0.4, p < 0.001) but increased quadriceps muscle stiffness (% change = 3.74, ES = 0.3, p = 0.001) and increased gastrocnemius muscle stiffness (% change = 10.39, ES = 0.5, p = 0.001). DS + VFR increased knee extension ROM (% change =2.87, ES = 0.4, p = 0.003), reduced quadriceps muscle stiffness (% change = -2.79, ES = 0.3, p = 0.017), CMJ height (% change = 2.41, ES = 0.1, p = 0.037), and agility (% change = -4.74, ES = 0.2, p < 0.001). DS + VFR was not significantly superior to DS, except for muscle stiffness reduction. Taken together, we suggest that practitioners consider DS as a first line of warm-up exercise to increase ROM, CMJ height, and agility in athletes. Moreover, the addition of VFR to DS results in a large reduction of muscle stiffness, potentially reducing the risk of sports injury. Athletes, coaches and athletic professionals may consider them when selecting effective warm-up practices to augment athletic performance.

This study aimed to compare the effects of passive and active warm-up protocols combined with static or neurodynamic stretching on hamstring muscle function. Sixteen individuals (7 men and 9 women) performed three experimental sessions in a randomized order: 1) passive warm-up and static stretching, 2) passive warm-up and neurodynamic stretching, 3) active warm-up and static stretching (control condition). Passive warm- up consisted of 20 minutes in a 45°C hot-room. Active warm-up included 10 minutes of cycling and 10 minutes of sub-maximal contractions. Following warm-up, the participants were engaged in six sets of 30-second stretches, either performed using static or neurodynamic modalities. Testing involved two maximal voluntary contractions (MVC), a passive knee extension test (to evaluate range of motion and hamstring stiffness), and a stand-and-reach test (used for flexibility assessment) conducted before, after warm-up, and after stretching. Electromyography from the biceps femoris and semitendinosus were recorded during MVC. Results revealed a significant time effect for flexibility (p < 0.001). Flexibility enhancements were obtained following active and passive warm-ups and further increased after the stretch, independently of the stretch intervention. The electromyographic activity of the semitendinosus muscle was affected by the time (p = 0.004). It revealed a decrease after stretching as compared to a post-warm-up measurement. No other differences were observed between conditions and time for maximal torque and stiffness indexes. It is concluded that both the active and passive warm-up methods are efficient to increase flexibility. Irrespective of the modality, stretching further improved flexibility without any alteration in muscle viscoelastic properties.

This study aims to investigate the acute effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) in young wrestlers. Wrestling is a high-intensity sport that demands anaerobic metabolism, with rapid recovery and endurance playing crucial roles in subsequent performance. Inspiratory muscle warm-up specifically targets the inspiratory muscles, reducing fatigue during exercise and helping to sustain performance. Our study compares three different warm-up protocols (traditional wrestling warm-up, wrestling warm-up (WW IW ) +  IMW, and wrestling warm-up +  placebo (WW PL )) to analyse changes in inspiratory muscle strength and select respiratory function parameters. The study was conducted with 14 male wrestlers aged 15-16. Participants were subjected to the three different warm-up protocols, followed by simulated wrestling bouts. Results showed that the WW IW protocol increased maximal inspiratory pressure by 17.3% compared to the traditional and placebo warm-ups. Additionally, the WW IW protocol delayed fatigue and improved recovery rates among the wrestlers. Specifically, WW IW enabled a faster return to normal heart rate post-competition, accelerating the recovery process. These findings suggest that WW IW can be effectively used in high-intensity sports like wrestling to enhance recovery between matches and improve overall performance. Further studies with larger sample sizes and in different sports are recommended to validate these results.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effective warm-up protocol using an added respiratory dead space (ARDS) 1200 ml volume mask to determine hypercapnic conditions, on the swimming velocity of the 50 m time trial front crawl. Eight male members of the university swimming team, aged 19–25, performed three different warm-up protocols: 1) standardized warm-up in water (WU CON ); 2) hypercapnic warm-up in water (WU ARDS ); 3) hypercapnic a 20-minute transition phase on land, between warm-up in water and swimming test (RE-WU ARDS ). The three warm-up protocols were implemented in random order every 7 th day. After each protocol, the 50 m time trial front crawl swimming (swimming test) was performed. The fastest time trial swimming of 50 m front crawl was achieved after the hypercapnic transition phase (RE-WU ARDS ) protocol and was 27.5 ± 1.6 seconds, 1.2% faster than hypercapnic warm-up protocol ( p = 0.01). This result was confirmed by a higher swimming average speed of the exercise test after RE-WU ARDS compared to WU ARDS ( p = 0.01). The use of ARDS provoked a state of tolerable hypercapnia (obtaining carbon dioxide concentration in arterialized blood pCO 2 > 45 mmHg) achieving a post-warm-up of WU ARDS value 49.7 ± 5.9 mmHg (compared to the control condition which was a statistically significant difference p = 0.02) and before time trial RE-WU ARDS 45.7 ± 2.1 mmHg ( p = 0.01 compared to WU CON ). After breathing through the 1200 ml ARDS mask during the 20-minute re-warm-up phase, there was a trend of faster time trial among participants compared to the control condition, and statistically significantly faster times compared to WU ARDS , indicating that further study is appropriate to verify the efficacy of the proposed method to improve swimming efficiency.

Background A protective effect on injury risk in youth sports through neuromuscular warm-up training routines has consistently been demonstrated. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the quantity and quality of coach-led injury prevention programmes and its impact on the physical performance of players. Objective The aim of this cluster-randomised controlled trial was to assess whether different delivery methods of an injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+) to coaches could improve player performance, and to examine the effect of player adherence on performance and injury risk. Method During the 2011 football season (May–August), coaches of 31 tiers 1–3 level teams were introduced to the 11+ through either an unsupervised website or a coach-focused workshop with and without additional on-field supervisions. Playing exposure, adherence to the 11+, and injuries were recorded for female 13-year-old to 18-year-old players. Performance testing included the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), single-leg balance, triple hop and jumping-over-a-bar tests. Results Complete preseason and postseason performance tests were available for 226 players (66.5%). Compared to the unsupervised group, single-leg balance (OR=2.8; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.6) and the anterior direction of the SEBT improved significantly in the onfield supervised group of players (OR=4.7; 95% CI 2.2 to 7.1), while 2-leg jumping performance decreased (OR=−5.1; 95% CI −9.9 to −0.2). However, significant improvements in 5 of 6 reach distances in the SEBT were found, favouring players who highly adhered to the 11+. Also, injury risk was lower for those players (injury rate ratio, IRR=0.28, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.79). Conclusions Different delivery methods of the FIFA 11+ to coaches influenced players’ physical performance minimally. However, high player adherence to the 11+ resulted in significant improvements in functional balance and reduced injury risk.

The present study assessed the effects of listening to preferred music during warm-up at different frequencies (440 Hz vs. 432 Hz) on the physical performance and psychophysiological responses in male athletes. In a double-blind crossover study design, twenty-two male athletes (Mean ± SD: age: 22.4 ± 1.6 years; body mass: 71.8 ± 8.3 kg; height: 1.83 ± 0.1 m; BMI: 22.7 ± 1.9 kg. m − 2 randomly performed the 3-min all out test (3MT), repeated sprint test (RST), squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests after listening to preferred music at 440 Hz–432 Hz frequencies or without music during warm-up. Heart rate was measured during 3MT, Also, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and feeling scale (FS) were measured just after 3MT and RST tests. Results showed that no music condition induced lower performance compared to listening to preferred music at 440 Hz (mean speed: p  < 0.001, d = 0.82; peak speed: p  < 0.001, d = 0.85; total distance covered: p  < 0.001, d = 0.83; FS: p  < 0.001, d = 1.21) and music 432 Hz (mean speed: p  < 0.001, d = 0.75; peak speed: p  < 0.001, d = 0.58; total distance covered: p  < 0.001, d = 0.76, FS: p  = 0.004, d = 0.77) during 3MT. In addition, a significant decrease in Total time and Fast time indices of RST, FS, SJ and CMJ values was recorded with music at 440 Hz compared to music 432 Hz (total time: p  < 0.001, d = 0.65; fast time: p  < 0.001, d = 0.53; FS: p  = 0.018, d = 0.59; SJ: p  = 0.031, d = 0.3; CMJ: p  = 0.007, d = 0.41) and no music condition (total time: p  < 0.001, d = 0.89; fast time: p  < 0.001, d = 0.57; FS: p  < 0.001, d = 1.21; SJ: p  < 0.001, d = 0.64; CMJ: p  < 0.001, d = 0.54). However, no significant change was observed in heart rate, fatigue index of the RST, or RPE. Listening to preferred music at a fast tempo and moderate volume during warm-up sessions improved physical performance and positive mood irrespective of whether it was tuned to 440 Hz–432 Hz. The benefits were more noticeable at 440 Hz.

This study aimed to assess the impact of the VolleyVeilig program on enhancing upper extremity performance in female volleyball players. While previous research has focused mainly on lower extremity injury prevention, there remains a significant lack of studies examining how structured warm-up routines can influence upper extremity performance in the sport. A quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test was used. Thirty female volleyball players, aged 16 to 21, were randomly divided into two groups: VolleyVeilig intervention group and traditional warm-up group. The VolleyVeilig warm-up consisted of light aerobic exercises, dynamic stretching, agility and reaction drills, as well as volleyball-specific skill drills conducted over six weeks. In contrast, the traditional warm-up included light aerobic activity, dynamic stretching, and volleyball-specific skill drills. Upper extremity performance indices including upper extremity balance and Davis tests were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses, including the covariance analysis, and paired t-tests, were conducted using SPSS. Findings revealed a significant improvement in dynamic balance (Effect Size = 0.58, p  = 0.001) and upper limb stability (Effect Size = 0.27, p  = 0.001) in the VolleyVeilig group compared to the traditional warm-up. Additionally, significant enhancements were noted within the VolleyVeilig group from pre-test to post-test ( p  = 0.001). However, the small sample size and limited participant diversity may affect the generalizability of the findings. These findings indicate that the VolleyVeilig warm-up program effectively enhances dynamic balance and upper limb stability, potentially improving performance and reducing shoulder injuries. Coaches and sports therapists can integrate this 15–20-minute program into regular training sessions, incorporating aerobic exercises, dynamic stretching, and sport-specific drills, while adapting it to individual player needs for injury prevention such as shoulder impingement and rotator cuff strain, and performance optimization.