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"Waste Water Technology"
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Fundamentals of wastewater treatment and engineering
\"All societies depend on effective wastewater treatment and engineering, and every good civil engineer needs an understanding of the subject. This textbook presents the material necessary for a semester-long course for undergraduates and graduate students in civil and environmental engineering, and environmental technology. Each main chapter presents a topic as a theoretical section followed by example problems, and a set of questions and problems. Applicable regulations and standards are given from the World Health Organization and United States Environmental Protection Agency. Readers will get a strong grounding in the principles, and should be able to design the unit processes used in wastewater treatment operations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evaluation of non-carcinogenic causing health risks (NCHR) associated with exposure of fluoride and nitrate contaminated groundwater from a semi-arid region of south India
Groundwater is the foremost resource for drinking water supply in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, and also intake of contaminated drinking water is the major source for creating a several health risk for humans. To estimate the groundwater suitability for drinking and also to measure the non-carcinogenic health risk for infants, children, and adults, a total of 35 groundwater samples were collected from the semi-arid region of India and analyzed major ions including fluoride and nitrate. The results revealed that the concentration of fluoride ranges from 0.6 to 3.6 mg/L and is about 2.4 times higher than the maximum allowable limit of 1.5 mg/L for drinking water purposes. And nitrate contents varied from 17 to 120 mg/L in which 54.29% of the groundwater samples exceeded the recommended limit of 50 mg/L. The estimated individual non-carcinogenic health risk (INCHR) frequency is evidently displayed that intake of higher concentration of nitrate creates the greater detrimental health effects than fluoride. The contribution of individual non-carcinogenic health risk (INCHR) of nitrate is greater detrimental health effects than the fluoride. The results of total non-carcinogenic health risk (TNCHR) reflect the infants and also children were found to be more susceptible towards fluoride and nitrate-associated health risks in the investigated region. Fluoride-bearing minerals and different anthropogenic sources such as septic tank leakages, nitrogen fertilizers, domestic, agricultural, and animal wastes played a vital role in groundwater pollution and thereby non-carcinogenic human health risks. Therefore, a proper sustainable future plan is most important to mitigate the fluoride and nitrate contamination in the groundwater of the study region.
Journal Article
Utilization of biosynthesized silica-supported iron oxide nanocomposites for the adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions
This study deals with heavy metal ions removal from simulated water using biosynthesized silica-supported iron oxide nanocomposites (nano-IOS). Agricultural and garden wastes have been utilized to prepare nano-IOS through a green synthesis process. Nano-IOS was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and zeta potential analysis. The nanocomposites were used to remove five heavy metals, viz., Pb
2+
, Cd
2+
, Ni
2+
, Cu
2+
, and Zn
2+
, with optimization of reaction parameters including pH, the concentration of heavy metals, adsorbent dosage, and contact time in batch mode experiments. The optimized dose of nano-IOS was 0.75 g/L for the adsorption of Pb
2+
, Cd
2+
, Ni
2+
, Cu
2+
, and Zn
2+
(10.0 mg/L) with a contact duration of 70 min at pH 5.0 for Pb
2+
, Cd
2+
, and Cu
2+
and 6.0 for Ni
2+
and Zn
2+
. The adsorption behavior of the nano-adsorbent was well described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating chemisorption on the surface of nano-IOS. The adsorption was also found spontaneous and endothermic. Thus, the environmentally benign and bio-synthesized nano-IOS can be utilized as an effective nano-adsorbent for the rapid sequestration of heavy metal ions from water and wastewater.
Journal Article
Green synthesis of Ag2O nanoparticles using Punica granatum leaf extract for sulfamethoxazole antibiotic adsorption: characterization, experimental study, modeling, and DFT calculation
Silver oxide (Ag
2
O) nanoparticles (NPs) were generated by synthesizing green leaf extract of
Punica granatum,
and afterwards they were used as adsorbent to remove the antibiotic additive sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous solutions. Prior of their use as adsorbent, the Ag
2
O NPs were characterized by various methods such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ag
2
O NPs were found to be spherically shaped and stabilized by the constituents of the extract. Further, at SMX antibiotic concentration of 100 mg L
–1
, the Ag
2
O NPs achieved almost complete removal of 98.93% within 90 min, and by using 0.8 g L
–1
of adsorbent dose at pH=4 and temperature T=308 K. In addition, the experimental data were well fitted with the theoretical Langmuir model indicating homogeneous adsorbed layer of the SMX antibiotic on the Ag
2
O NPs surface. The maximum uptake capacity was 277.85 mg g
–1
. A good agreement was also found between the kinetic adsorption data and the theoretical pseudo-second-order model. Regarding the thermodynamic adsorption aspects, the data revealed an endothermic nature and confirmed the feasibility and the spontaneity of the adsorption reaction. Furthermore, the regeneration study has shown that the Ag
2
O NPs could be efficiently reused for up to five cycles. The geometric structures have been optimized and quantum chemical parameters were calculated for the SMX unprotonated (SMX
+/-
) and protonated (SMX
+
) using density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The DFT results indicated that the unprotonated SMX
+/-
reacts more favorably on the Ag
2
O surface, as compared to the protonated SMX
+
. The SMX binding mechanism was predominantly controlled by the electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, and π-π interactions. The overall data suggest that the Ag
2
O NPs have promising potential for antibiotic removal from wastewater.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Theoretical and experimental studies on photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MetB) from aqueous solution using oyster shell synthesized CaO nanoparticles (CaONP-O)
The development of technologies for the removal of dye from aqueous solution is most desirable if the end product is relatively green (i.e., environmentally friendly). Photodegradation (as one of such technology) and photolysis (without the catalyst) was applied to investigate the role of sol-gel synthesized calcium oxide nanoparticle (using the oyster shell as the precursor). The results obtained gave substantial evidence that calcium oxide nanoparticles catalyzed the degradation of the methylene blue dye up to a maximum percentage of 98 % removal. Degradation efficiency displayed a strong dependency on time, initial dye concentration, catalyst load, pH, and ionic strength. Chi-square and sum of square error analysis indicated that the photodegradation kinetics fitted the Langmuir-Hinshelwood, first order, and pseudo first-order models best. The half-life of the dye was significantly reduced from hours to minutes due to photocatalysis. Quantum chemical calculations indicated that the degradation proceeded through adsorption, deformation/degradation, and desorption through the chloride end of the molecule linked to the calcium active center of the catalyst. Results from Fukui functions and molecular descriptors analysis confirmed the mechanism of photocatalysis.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Discovering untapped microbial communities through metagenomics for microplastic remediation: recent advances, challenges, and way forward
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants persisting almost everywhere in the environment. With the increase in anthropogenic activities, MP accumulation is increasing enormously in aquatic, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Owing to the slow degradation of plastics, MPs show an increased biomagnification probability of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances thereby creating a threat to environmental biota. Thus, remediation of MP-pollutants requires efficient strategies to circumvent the mobilization of contaminants leaching into the water, soil, and ultimately to human beings. Over the years, several microorganisms have been characterized by the potential to degrade different plastic polymers through enzymatic actions. Metagenomics (MGs) is an effective way to discover novel microbial communities and access their functional genetics for the exploration and characterization of plastic-degrading microbial consortia and enzymes. MGs in combination with metatranscriptomics and metabolomics approaches are a powerful tool to identify and select remediation-efficient microbes in situ. Advancement in bioinformatics and sequencing tools allows rapid screening, mining, and prediction of genes that are capable of polymer degradation. This review comprehensively summarizes the growing threat of microplastics around the world and highlights the role of MGs and computational biology in building effective response strategies for MP remediation.
Journal Article
ZnO-Zn2TiO4 heterostructure for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals
In this study, ZnO-Zn
2
TiO
4
(ZTM) material was prepared through a novel synthesis method based on a ultrasound-assisted polyol-mediated process followed by calcination at a different temperature. Physical features of the samples were studied by using various analysis techniques including XRD, FT-IR, SEM/EDX, pH
PZC
, and UV–Vis DRS. Subsequently, the materials were employed as catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of clofibric acid as a model pharmaceutical contaminant. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated under different conditions of calcination temperature, catalyst dosage, starting concentration, and initial pH of clofibric acid solution. The finding results revealed that hexagonal-tetragonal phases of ZnO-Zn
2
TiO
4
calcined at 600 °C (ZTM-600) with an average crystallite size of 97.8 Å exhibited the best degradation efficiency (99%). The primary bands characteristic of ZnO and Zn
2
TiO
4
were displayed by FT-IR analysis and the UV–visible DRS confirms the larger absorption capacity in UV–visible regions. The photogenerated electrons are the powerful reactive species involved in clofibric acid photodegradation process. This study shows a promising photocatalyst and provides new sight to rational design the facets of photocatalysis process for enhanced photocatalytic performances and effective wastewater treatment.
Journal Article
One-pot solution combustion synthesis of porous spherical-shaped magnesium zinc binary oxide for efficient fluoride removal and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dye
A novel porous spherical-shaped magnesium zinc binary oxide (MZO) was successfully prepared for the first time using a chemical process for fluoride removal and photocatalytic methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dye degradation. XRD, FESEM, and TEM were studied for phase formation, topographic, crystallographic, and detailed structural information. The surface charge and optical properties of the adsorbent were studied by zeta potential and photoluminescence spectra. The synthesized nano-adsorbents showed high fluoride removal capacity (43.10 mg/g) and photocatalytic activity with a degradation efficiency of 97.83% and 78.40% for MB and CR, respectively. The adsorption was strongly pH-dependent and worked well in the range 6–9. The kinetic studies were performed for both fluoride removal and dye degradation and were found to follow pseudo-second-order and first-order rate law, respectively. The samples were found to be extremely reusable and selective for fluoride removal in presence of co-ions such as NO
3
-
, SO
4
2-
, and Cl
-
. The basic fluoride adsorption process of the samples can be related to ion exchange and electrostatic interactions, according to XPS and FTIR data. The detailed mechanistic study of photocatalytic dye degradation showed that the reaction occurred via OH radicals. Thus, MZO could be considered an effective and quick adsorbent for water purification in fluoride-containing groundwater and industrial dye wastewater.
Journal Article
Design configuration and operational parameters of bi-fluid PVT collectors: an updated review
The bi-fluid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector was introduced to provide more heating options along with improved cooling capabilities for the PV module. Since its introduction, this type of PVT system has been investigated thoroughly in various original works. In this review paper, we intend to put the concept and applications of this technology into question and revise the main achievements and discoveries through research and development with a focus on climatic and operational parameters. The paper encompasses a critical review of the discussed research and future directions for PVT collectors. The main utilized operational modes are discussed in detail, which are (i) water used in both channels, (ii) water in one channel and air in the other, and (iii) air in both channels. The modes were found to lead to different enhancement and performance effects for the utilized photovoltaic modules. The impact of mass flow rate was also taken by keeping one working fluid constant while varying the other to obtain its impact on the energy and exergy efficiency of the collector. In some cases, the fluids were run simultaneously and, in other cases, independently.
Journal Article
Substantial increase in adsorption efficiency of local clay-alginate beads toward methylene blue impregnated with SDS
In the current research work, local clay-alginate beads loaded with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant were prepared for efficient adsorption of methylene blue (MB). FTIR, SEM–EDX, and TGA instruments were used to examine the surface functional groups, morphology, elemental analysis, and thermal stability of beads, respectively. The adsorption efficiency of native clay for MB increases from 124.78 to 247.94 mg/g when loaded in alginate and SDS in beads form. The impacts of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, contact time, initial MB concentration, and temperature were investigated and optimized. The maximum adsorption capacity of beads for MB was 1468.5 mg/g. The process followed a pseudosecond order kinetic and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Thermodynamic study confirmed that MB adsorption on beads is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The beads were recycled and reused for five times. According to the findings, local clay-alginate beads impregnated with SDS proved to be a promising and efficient adsorbent for extracting MB from aqueous solution.
Journal Article