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An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping
Landfilling is one of the most common waste management methods employed in all countries alike, irrespective of their developmental status. The most commonly used types of landfills are (a) municipal solid waste landfill, (b) industrial waste landfill, and (c) hazardous waste landfill. There is, also, an emerging landfill type called “green waste landfill” that is, occasionally, being used. Most landfills, including those discussed in this review article, are controlled and engineered establishments, wherein the waste ought to abide with certain regulations regarding their quality and quantity. However, illegal and uncontrolled “landfills” (mostly known as open dumpsites) are, unfortunately, prevalent in many developing countries. Due to the widespread use of landfilling, even as of today, it is imperative to examine any environmental- and/or health-related issues that have emerged. The present study seeks to determine the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling by adopting a desk review design. It is revealed that landfilling is associated with various environmental pollution problems, namely, (a) underground water pollution due to the leaching of organic, inorganic, and various other substances of concern (SoC) contained in the waste, (b) air pollution due to suspension of particles, (c) odor pollution from the deposition of municipal solid waste (MSW), and (d) even marine pollution from any potential run-offs. Furthermore, health impacts may occur through the pollution of the underground water and the emissions of gases, leading to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of the exposed population living in their vicinity.
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Journal Article
Hazmat removal worker
\"Readers will learn what it takes to succeed as a hazmat removal worker. The book also explains the necessary educational steps, useful character traits, and daily job tasks related to this career, in the framework of the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math) movement. Photos, a glossary, and additional resources are included.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Global perspective of municipal solid waste and landfill leachate: generation, composition, eco-toxicity, and sustainable management strategies
Globally, more than 2 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated each year, with that amount anticipated to reach around 3.5 billion tonnes by 2050. On a worldwide scale, food and green waste contribute the major proportion of MSW, which accounts for 44% of global waste, followed by recycling waste (38%), which includes plastic, glass, cardboard, and paper, and 18% of other materials. Population growth, urbanization, and industrial expansion are the principal drivers of the ever-increasing production of MSW across the world. Among the different practices employed for the management of waste, landfill disposal has been the most popular and easiest method across the world. Waste management practices differ significantly depending on the income level. In high-income nations, only 2% of waste is dumped, whereas in low-income nations, approximately 93% of waste is burned or dumped. However, the unscientific disposal of waste in landfills causes the generation of gases, heat, and leachate and results in a variety of ecotoxicological problems, including global warming, water pollution, fire hazards, and health effects that are hazardous to both the environment and public health. Therefore, sustainable management of MSW and landfill leachate is critical, necessitating the use of more advanced techniques to lessen waste production and maximize recycling to assure environmental sustainability. The present review provides an updated overview of the global perspective of municipal waste generation, composition, landfill heat and leachate formation, and ecotoxicological effects, and also discusses integrated-waste management approaches for the sustainable management of municipal waste and landfill leachate.
Journal Article
Environmental resource management and the nexus approach : managing water, soil, and waste in the context of global change
This title elaborates how water, soil, and waste may be managed in a nexus and how this approach may help combat global change. In addition to providing a brief account on nexus thinking and how it may help us tackle issues important to the world community such as food security, it presents the environmental resource perspective of three main aspects of global change: climate change, urbanisation, and population growth.
Book
Municipal solid waste management in China: a comparative analysis
This paper illustrates an overview of the past and present MSWM strategies in China. A comparison is made with MSWM in China, and other developed and developing countries to identify and analyze the problems of existing MSWM, and evaluate some effective suggestion to overcome the limitations. Rapid urbanization and economic growth are the main factors of increasing MSW generation in China. The generating MSW has 55.86 % food waste with high moisture contain due to unavailable source separation. Chinese MSWM is dominated by 60.16 % landfilling, whereas incineration, untreated discharge, and other treatments are 29.84, 8.21, and 1.79 %, respectively. In 2014, a total of 604 sanitary landfills, 188 incineration plants, and 26 other units were used for MSWM. With the magnitude of timing, the increasing rate of incineration unit and disposal capacity is higher than the landfill. In 2004–2014, the disposal capacity of landfill and incineration is increased from 68.89 to 107.44 and 4.49 to 53.3 million tons, respectively. However, the heating value in the majority of Chinese incineration plants is 3000–6700 kJ/kg and the inappropriate leachate treatment can be found in 47 % landfill sites. A proper taxation system for MSW disposal is not fully implemented in China, which has a negative impact on overall MSW recycling. From the comparative study of MSWM, it is revealed that the source separation MSW collection, high energy recovery from incineration plants, appropriate leachate treatment, effective landfill location and management, increase waste recycling and proper taxation system for MSW disposal are essential to improve MSWM in China.
Journal Article
A critical review on various feedstocks as sustainable substrates for biosurfactants production: a way towards cleaner production
The quest for a chemical surfactant substitute has been fuelled by increased environmental awareness. The benefits that biosurfactants present like biodegradability, and biocompatibility over their chemical and synthetic counterparts has contributed immensely to their popularity and use in various industries such as petrochemicals, mining, metallurgy, agrochemicals, fertilizers, beverages, cosmetics, etc. With the growing demand for biosurfactants, researchers are looking for low-cost waste materials to use them as substrates, which will lower the manufacturing costs while providing waste management services as an add-on benefit. The use of low-cost substrates will significantly reduce the cost of producing biosurfactants. This paper discusses the use of various feedstocks in the production of biosurfactants, which not only reduces the cost of waste treatment but also provides an opportunity to profit from the sale of the biosurfactant. Furthermore, it includes state-of-the-art information about employing municipal solid waste as a sustainable feedstock for biosurfactant production, which has not been simultaneously covered in many published literatures on biosurfactant production from different feedstocks. It also addresses the myriad of other issues associated with the processing of biosurfactants, as well as the methods used to address these issues and perspectives, which will move society towards cleaner production.
Journal Article
Global initiatives for waste reduction and cutting food loss
\"This book examines the methods of global initiatives for reducing waste reduction and cutting food loss. It also explores the idea of effective management of food waste\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sustainable Management of Digestate from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste and Food Waste Under the Concepts of Back to Earth Alternatives and Circular Economy
The anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and food waste achieves both environmental and economic benefits. This bio-process, well-known for producing biogas, is used extensively for industrial applications all over the world. Despite the use of AD across the world, the overall sustainability of this process as a source of an alternate fuel (i.e., biomethane) is intrinsically linked to the successful management of one of its major byproducts, the digestate. In order for the digestate to be classified as a “product” rather than a “waste” and to achieve regulatory compliance, this liquid stream needs to undergo biological or physicochemical treatments. The most common treatment for digestate is the use as a soil amendment. Nutrients surplus, variable agricultural seasonal requirements, escalating transportation cost, and market acceptance (e.g., risk for food safety) represents the major obstacle for the use of digestate for agricultural applications. Therefore, it is necessary to study alternative approaches for digestate management and utilization options. One alternative concept is the Back to Earth Alternative (BEA) whose aim is to bring appropriately treated residues back to their non-mobile state, as they were extracted from the earth to be used as raw materials, which would achieve actual closing of the materials cycles. Similarly, the same concept can be introduced into the digestate management process, with the goal of reducing resource costs and mitigate potential impacts on climate change, by employing a more holistic circular economy model instead of linear economy model commonly referred to as “take-make-dispose”. The overarching aim of this study is to introduce the BEA and circular economy concepts into the digestate management process taking into consideration the initial quality of the digestate and the techniques and processes necessary to meet the specific regulatory and quality requirements for the utilization of this waste stream for different applications. Cost benefit analysis and environmental impact were also evaluated for each BEA.
Journal Article