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"Water Pollution Measurement."
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Pollutant discharge and water quality in urbanisation
The main purpose of water quality monitoring may be seen as evaluating water quality conformity against water quality standards, especially for administrative purposes. Moreover, water quality monitoring data can be applied to estimate and evaluate pollutant loads in rivers. Chronological water quality fluctuations and vertical water quality profiles in water bodies are also important when taking into account the effects of land-based pollutants on coastal sea and estuary water quality. This book discusses the relationships between pollutant discharge and water quality, taking into account urban development and indicators like the pollutant load per capita flowing into the water body (PLCwb), an index used to evaluate the contribution of municipal wastewater pollutant discharge to pollutant loads flowing into ambient water bodies such as coastal zones, bays and lakes.
Book
Water pollution XII
Water Pollution XII contains the proceedings of the 12th International Conference in the series of Modelling, Monitoring and Management of Water Pollution. The book will be of interest to scientists, managers and academics from different areas of water contamination. The environmental problems caused by the increase of pollutant loads discharged into natural water bodies required the formation of a framework for regulation and control. This framework needs to be based on scientific results that relate pollutant discharge with changes in water quality. The results of these studies allow industry to apply more efficient methods of controlling and treating waste loads, and water authorities to enforce appropriate regulations regarding this matter. Environmental problems are essentially interdisciplinary. Engineers and scientists working in this field must be familiar with a wide range of issues including the physical processes of mixing and dilution, chemical and biological processes, mathematical modelling, data acquisition and measurement to name but a few. In view of the scarcity of available data, it is important that experiences are shared on an international basis. Thus, a continuous exchange of information between scientists from different countries is essential. Topics covered include: Water Quality, Groundwater and Aquifer Issues; Wastewater Treatment and Management; Monitoring and Modelling; Environmental Monitoring.
eBook
Organic Compounds in Natural Waters
Determination of Organic Compounds in Natural Waters draws together the scattered literature and presents in a systematic fashion the latest available analytical techniques for detecting organic compounds in non-saline and saline natural and treated water. Broad outlines of different methods and their applicability in certain situations are given allowing the water engineer and the chemist to choose appropriate test methods.
eBook
Does the digital finance revolution validate the Environmental Kuznets Curve? Empirical findings from China
In recent years, digital finance has become a crucial part of the financial system and reshaped the mode of green finance in China. Digital finance has brought certain impact on economic growth, industrial structure, and resident income, which may affect pollution. The nexus of digital finance and environment in China is thus worth exploring. By revising the traditional Environmental Kuznets Curve model with income inequality variable, this paper decomposes the environmental effects of economic activities into income growth effect, industrial structure effect and income inequality effect, and use panel data of China’s provinces to conduct an empirical analysis. The results reveal the following: (1) the Environmental Kuznets Curve is still valid in sample, and digital finance can reduce air and water pollution (as measured through SO 2 and COD emission) directly; (2) in the influence mechanism, digital finance can alleviate income inequality and promote green industrial structure, thus reducing pollution indirectly, but the scale effect of income growth outweighs the technological effect, which increases pollution indirectly; and (3) digital finance has a threshold effect on improving the environment, then an acceleration effect appears after a certain threshold value. From the regional perspective, digital finance development in eastern regions is generally ahead of central and western regions, and the effects of environmental improvement in the eastern regions are greater. According to the study, this paper suggest that digital finance can be an effective way to promote social sustainability by alleviating income inequality and environmental sustainability by reducing pollution.
Journal Article
The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: How Different Water-related Public Concerns Contribute to Water Governance in China
Public participation is crucial to improving the performance of water governance systems, especially in a governance model dominated by a top-down hierarchical structure. Public concerns, as a vital form of public participation, have been acknowledged as an essential component in contributing to water governance. However, few studies explore the varying effects of diverse public concerns in leading to different water governance outcomes. This study addresses this gap by exploring the direct and indirect effects of water-related public concerns on water pollution control and governments’ pollution mitigating actions, using citizens’ water-related posts crawled from China’s social media. Results show that public water-related concerns contribute to water governance both through its direct effects on reducing water pollution and indirect effects by promoting policy actions. Specifically, the concerns related to
water pollution hazards
,
water pollution monitoring
,
prevention products
, and
water pollution control measures
have more positive impacts on water pollution reduction compared to other types of concern. Meanwhile, public concerns demonstrate stronger effects in triggering economic-related and infrastructure-related water pollution mitigation actions. This study provides nuanced insights to understand the role of public participation in improving water governance, the findings of which are insightful to enhance accountability of water governance systems through a bottom-up approach.
Journal Article
Comprehensive analysis of water resources from the perspective of water footprint and water ecological footprint: a case study from Anyang City, China
Agriculture is the largest freshwater consumer, accounting for ~ 70% of global freshwater consumption. The agricultural water footprint (WF) and water resources ecological footprint (EF
w
) are used to describe the ecological environment and socioeconomic functions of water resources. Anyang in the North China Plain is a typical area with freshwater shortage and was selected as a study area to estimate water consumption by agriculture. We estimated the spatiotemporal variation of green, blue, and grey WF of five crops in Anyang during 1990–2018 based on the WF theory, EF
w
, and water resources carrying capacity (EC
w
) methods. To analyze the EF
w
of specific crops, we developed the framework between agricultural WF and EF
w
, and quantified the EF
w
of specific crops. The results show that the WF
green
, WF
blue
, and WF
grey
of Anyang increased from 1188, 1560, and 511 million m
3
in 1990 to 1440, 1736, and 1010 million m
3
in 2018, respectively, mainly owing to the increase of cultivated area and amount of agricultural nitrogen. Winter wheat and maize were the two leading crops in both green and blue water consumption, taking 31.35 and 55.25% of the total WF
green
, and 71.32 and 22.52% of the total WF
blue
, respectively. The average unit mass WF
green
and WF
blue
of crops showed a reducing trend during 1990–2018 because of the urbanization of farmland and the increase of crop yields. Both EC
w
and water ecological deficit per capital in Anyang decreased. Anyang has been in a state of water ecological deficit since 2000. The results imply that Anyang has been importing a large amount of water from other areas for its consumption since 2000. This study is expected to contribute to agricultural water management by providing suitable information to policy-makers. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that it is urgent to make strict water resource management and water pollution prevention measures to improve the water use efficiency in Anyang and to ease the pressure on water scarcity.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Assessing the relationship between river water pollution and the LULC composition of a basin in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca, Mexico
Water pollution originating from land use and land cover (LULC) can disrupt river ecosystems, posing a threat to public health, safety, and socioeconomic sustainability. Although the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic systems have been investigated for decades, the scale at which land use practices, whether in the entire basin or separately in parts, significantly impact water quality still needs to be determined. In this research, we used multitemporal data (field measurements, Sentinel 2 images, and elevation data) to investigate how the LULC composition in the catchment area (CA) of each water pollution measurement station located in the river course of the Los Perros Basin affects water pollution indicators (WPIs). We examined whether the CAs form a sequential runoff aggregation system for certain pollutants from the highest to the lowest part of the basin. Our research applied statistical (correlation, time series analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis) and geo-visual analyses to identify relationships at the CA level between satellite-based LULC composition and WPI concentrations. We observed that pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms, and water temperature form a sequential runoff aggregation system from the highest to the lowest part of the basin. We concluded that the observed decrease in natural cover and increase in built-up and agricultural cover in the upper CAs of the study basin between the study period (2016 to 2020) are related to elevated WPI values for suspended solids and coliforms, which exceeded the allowed limits on all CAs and measured dates.
Journal Article
Monitoring grey water footprint and associated environmental controls in agricultural watershed
The grey water footprint (GWF) is an advanced index linking pollution load and water resources. However, the existing agriculture-related GWF was developed based on hydrological processes, which limits its role in watershed water pollution level (WPL) measurements. The main scope of this study is to calculate GWF and WPL based on runoff, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) observations in the Hujiashan Watershed of China’s Yangtze River Basin. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to explore the impact pathways of environmental features on GWF and WPL. On this basis, propose measures for the management of this agricultural watershed. The results showed that the TN concentration had a V-shaped trend in 2008–2015, while the TP gradually decreased. The GWF calculations for the TN and TP were compatible with the temporal trends for the concentrations, which were higher in the wet season (0.45 m
3
/m
2
for TN, 0.10 m
3
/m
2
for TP) than in the dry season (0.11 m
3
/m
2
for TN, 0.02 m
3
/m
2
for TP) and increased from upstream to downstream. The WPLs of TN exceeded 2.0 in the midstream and downstream areas, whereas those for TP were inconspicuous. According to PLS-SEM, the GWF is primarily influenced by topographical variables and hydrological features, whereas the WPL is mainly controlled by hydrological features and landscape composition. Fertilizer reduction and efficiency measures should be implemented on farmland and appropriately reducing farming activities on slopes to relieve the GWF and WPL in the watershed.
Journal Article
Advanced Evaluation Methodology for Water Quality Assessment Using Artificial Neural Network Approach
The increasing rate of water pollution and consequent increase of waterborne diseases are compelling evidence of danger to public health and all living organisms. Preservation of flora and fauna by controlling various unexpected pollution activities has become a great challenge. This paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based method for calculating the water quality index (WQI) to estimate water pollution. The WQI is a single indicator representing an overall summary of various water test results. However, selection of the weight values of the water quality parameters for WQI calculation is a tedious task. Therefore, the ANN approach is found to be useful in this study for calculating the weight values and the WQI in an efficient manner. This work is novel because we propose a methodology that uses a mathematical function to calculate the weight values of the parameters regardless of missing values, which were randomly decided in previous work. The results of the proposed model show increased accuracy over traditional methods. The accuracy of the calculated WQI also increased to 98.3%. Additionally, we also designed a web interface and mobile app to supply contamination status alerts to the concerned authorities.
Journal Article