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The water footprint of modern consumer society
\"Using the water footprint concept, this impactful book aids our understanding of how we can reduce water consumption and pollution to sustainable levels. The Water Footprint of Modern Consumer Society is a key textbook for students of interdisciplinary water studies and those taking other related courses within the environmental sciences. It will also be of interest to those working in the governmental sector, environmental and consumer organisations, the business sector and UN institutions, where there is growing interest in the water footprint concept\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
water footprint assessment manual
People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and washing, but significantly more for producing things such as food, paper and cotton clothes. The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer. Indirect use refers to the 'virtual water' embedded in tradable goods and commodities, such as cereals, sugar or cotton. The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the total volume of freshwater that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business.
This book offers a complete and up-to-date overview of the global standard on water footprint assessment as developed by the Water Footprint Network. More specifically it:
Provides a comprehensive set of methods for water footprint assessment
Shows how water footprints can be calculated for individual processes and products, as well as for consumers, nations and businesses
Contains detailed worked examples of how to calculate green, blue and grey water footprints
Describes how to assess the sustainability of the aggregated water footprint within a river basin or the water footprint of a specific product
Includes an extensive library of possible measures that can contribute to water footprint reduction
eBook
Making the most of scarcity : accountability for better water management results in the Middle East and North Africa
\"While water professionals have been advocating comprehensive water reforms for years and many countries have improved their water policies and institutions, some of the most politically sensitive elements of reform remain untouched. This report suggests that a series of factors are now emerging that represent a potential opportunity to break this impasse.\" \"Making the Most of Scarcity will be of interest to readers working in the areas of agribusiness and markets, agriculture, urban and rural development, water supply, and water resources, as well as to those responsible for setting policies in the areas of environment, economics, and social protection.\"--Jacket.
eBook
Sizing water service lines and meters
\"This manual contains information needed to estimate customer demand and maximum expected flow that can be used to size new service lines and meters. The data presented in M22, Sizing Water Service Lines and Meters, were obtained from field measurements, utility surveys, technical publications, and hydraulic design calculations. The methods contained in this manual are appropriate for technicians, architects, and engineers to address most service conditions.\"--Jacket.
eBook
Making the Most of Scarcity
Water in the Middle East and North Africa region already causes major social and economic problems, resulting from insufficient supply, unreliable services and environmental damage. Per capita availability will fall by half by 2050, water quality is deteriorating, many aquifers are on the verge of exhaustion, and climate change may alter rainfall patterns. Unless current practices change, then, the situation will worsen considerably. For years, water professionals have been advocating comprehensive water reforms. Yet, although most countries have made considerable progress improving water policies and institutions, some of the most important elements of reform have remained politically intractable. Now, a series of factors are emerging that represent a potential opportunity to break this impasse. Turning the potential into real improved water outcomes will depend upon three things. First, developing reform proposals that that respond to the dynamics of the political economy. Second, recognizing that the water sector cannot act alone. Some of the reforms that will have most impact on water outcomes relate to policies such as trade, agriculture, finance, energy, and social protection. Third, implementing policies and practices that increase accountability of government institutions and service providers to the public.
eBook
Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
Between 2013 and 2015, concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in public drinking water supplies serving at least six million individuals exceeded the level set forth in the health advisory established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Other than data reported for contaminated sites, no systematic or prospective data exist on the relative source contribution (RSC) of drinking water to human PFAS exposures.
This study estimates the RSC of tap water to overall PFAS exposure among members of the general U.S.
We measured concentrations of 15 PFAS in home tap water samples collected in 1989-1990 from 225 participants in a nationwide prospective cohort of U.S. women: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). We used a one-compartment toxicokinetic model to estimate plasma concentrations corresponding to tap water intake of PFAS. We compared modeled results with measured plasma PFAS concentrations among a subset of 110 NHS participants.
Tap water perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were statistically significant predictors of plasma concentrations among individuals who consumed [Formula: see text] cups of tap water per day. Modeled median contributions of tap water to measured plasma concentrations were: PFOA 12% (95% probability interval 11%-14%), PFNA 13% (8.7%-21%), linear perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (nPFOS) 2.2% (2.0%-2.5%), branched perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (brPFOS) 3.0% (2.5%-3.2%), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) 34% (29%-39%). In five locations, comparisons of PFASs in community tap water collected in the period 2013-2016 with samples from 1989-1990 indicated increases in quantifiable PFAS and extractable organic fluorine (a proxy for unquantified PFAS).
Our results for 1989-1990 compare well with the default RSC of 20% used in risk assessments for legacy PFAS by many agencies. Future evaluation of drinking water exposures should incorporate emerging PFAS. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4093.
Journal Article
Water quality monitoring in recirculating aquaculture systems
Good water quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is crucial for ensuring the successful growth and survival of reared species. So far, there are no regulations for which parameters should be measured in RAS, and each farmer decides which parameters to follow. Traditionally, water quality parameters have been measured at certain intervals with handheld sensors and laboratory analyses, which can be labour intensive. Currently, a variety of sensors and monitoring equipment is available, even for the real‐time monitoring of water quality parameters. Internet of Things‐based systems and artificial intelligence can be applied for the monitoring purposes which allows real‐time measurements and warnings of critical situations. However, many of the modern systems need competent users and require regular maintenance and calibration. Changes in water quality also induces changes in fish behaviour, such as swimming activity, depth, acceleration and water quality can be assessed also based on these changes. In this review, water quality parameters, variety of sensors and monitoring technologies have been summarised to provide an overview of the current monitoring systems for water quality. Additionally, analytical methods for more advanced analyses have also been briefly summarised. Although there are several advanced options available for monitoring the basic water quality parameters, real‐time measurements of more advanced parameters still required require further development.
Journal Article