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"Water filtration"
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Household adoption of domestic water filtration for combating waterborne diseases in developing countries
Drinking contaminated water is a leading cause of several waterborne diseases. Domestic water filtration plants are treated as one of the possible alternative tools to combat the disease caused by contaminated drinking water. Little is known about the usage behaviour of households to use water filtration plants at the domestic level in combating waterborne disease. Unveiling how different social, economic, and technological factors can mold household usage behavior to use domestic water filtration plants can be helpful in combating the spread of diseases caused by contaminated water. We have collected a cross-sectional dataset from one of the developing countries and applied the SEM-ANN dual-stage hybrid model to test the proposed hypotheses and rank the social, economic, and technological factors according to their normalised importance. Results revealed that awareness of risks associated with contaminated water, social influence, and water pollution knowledge are the most significant predictors behind the use of domestic water filtration plants, whereas cost is a potential barrier. Gender was found to be a significant moderator and caused a small moderation in our study. Our study results have important policy suggestions for governments and other stakeholders to combat waterborne disease and achieve the WHO’s clean water goal 2030.
Journal Article
Should Children Drink Water with Very Low Mineral Content? Implications of the Global Expansion of Water Filtration Systems and Relevance of Consumption of Water with Higher Mineralization Levels
The consumption of water with very low mineral content (W-VLMC; water with total dissolved solids below 50 mg/L), despite limited and inconsistent evidence and the resulting knowledge gaps, has not been associated with health risks for the general population. However, certain population subgroups (those eating very unbalanced diets or avoiding certain foods, engaged in prolonged periods of fasting, and/or doing prolonged or strenuous exercise as well as pregnant or breastfeeding women) should be mindful of maintaining sufficient intake of all essential minerals through their food if regularly using this type of water as their main beverage. The rapid expansion of water filtration systems—often producing W-VLMC—creates a timely and valuable opportunity to advance research on the health implications of W-VLMC intake. As these systems become increasingly common in educational settings and homes, children represent a subgroup experiencing rising exposure to W-VLMC. Additional studies are needed to assess the health effects of such exposure from early childhood. A complementary yet contrasting perspective is that the use of water intended for human consumption—with stringent quality control standards—and natural mineral waters—inherently pure, thus eliminating the need for filtration—with higher mineralization in both types of water, may provide an additional dietary source of essential minerals, especially for all the population subgroups mentioned above.
Journal Article
Novel concept of linguistic fractional fuzzy information for effective water filtration decision-making problem based on WASPAS method
The main purpose of water filtration techniques is to eliminate poisonous chemicals and microbes from sources of water in order to provide clear and safe water. Water purification is necessary for supplying the vital need for clean water to consume in a variety of areas, which involves the biological, medication, and health care industries. Despite the demands of manufacturing, its importance affects a country’s stability and success. Experts throughout the globe are thus investigating a number of promising methods to expand and preserve water supply. Finding the optimal water filtration technique for optimizing the health of humans requires the implementation of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Therefore, the current manuscript addresses the task of identifying the best water filtration technique by introducing a novel method called the \"LFF-WASPAS technique,\" relying on the implementation of linguistic fractional fuzzy set (LFFS). An LFFS serves as a generalization of all linguistic fuzzy sets. For this reason, at first, we address the linguistic fractional fuzzy sets along with their weighted averaging and weighted geometric aggregation operators (AoPs), in addition to various basic properties of all of these AoPs. Finding the weight data used in decision-making situations becomes more challenging whenever the experts’ weights are missing. To address this, we present an entropy measure and an Analytic Hieratical Process (AHP). Additionally, we successfully use the freshly described operators and the suggested strategy to choose the most efficient approach for water filtration on a commercial scale. Finally, we investigate the sensitive hypothesis over the suggested method in relation to water filtration techniques. Additionally, by contrasting the suggested decision-making method with those that already are available, we assess their effectiveness and reliability.
Journal Article
Assessment of water quality and occurrence of multidrug-resistant clinically relevant bacteria in drinking water in the twin cities of Pakistan
Water filtration plants are a main source of drinking water for local populations in almost all big cities of Pakistan but these filtration plants are ineffective in eliminating contaminants from water. This study was conducted to evaluate water quality with specific focus on physicochemical parameters and bacterial contamination including occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in drinking water collected from filtration plants (
N
= 64) of the twin cities of Pakistan. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed following American Public Health Association standard guidelines and total coliform count was determined using membrane filtration method. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and characterized in terms of species and antibiotic susceptibility. Elevated levels of total dissolved solids, nitrates, total coliforms, lead and copper were found in several samples. Multivariate correlation coefficient revealed significant positive correlation between nitrate levels and total coliform count in bacteriologically contaminated samples. Antibiotic resistance patterns revealed multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria with high resistance against third generation cephalosporins. Our results highlight the urgent need for improved water filtration processes and regular monitoring to provide safe drinking water to the local community.
Journal Article
Recent Developments in Forward Osmosis Processes
Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology with a range of possible water treatment applications (desalination and wastewater treatment and recovery).Recent Developments in Forward Osmosis Processes provides an overview of applications, advantages, challenges, costs and current knowledge gaps.
eBook
Severity of waterborne diseases in developing countries and the effectiveness of ceramic filters for improving water quality
BackgroundIt is anticipated that three (3) billion people will experience water stress by 2025 due to limited access to clean water. Water-related diseases and fatalities affect both industrialized and developing countries. Waterborne diseases are challenging worldwide, especially in developing countries. This article evaluates strategies used by various countries, particularly developing countries, to combat waterborne diseases. These strategies have been largely successful in reducing the prevalence of water-related diseases in developing countries.Main body of the abstractThe effectiveness of these strategies is evaluated in terms of their ability to remove water contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Different strategies can be used, including traditional water treatment techniques such as boiling, chlorination, flocculation, solar disinfection and ceramic-based water filtration systems. These methods can help improve water quality and safety. The choice of strategy depends on the specific contaminants in the water and the desired outcome. Proper implementation of these strategies is key to ensuring safe drinking water.Short conclusionIt was revealed that in developing countries, multiple water treatment techniques are used. This has led to the reduction in waterborne diseases from 50 to 90%. Ceramic-based water purification systems are reportedly the modern and least expensive technique, since they are highly efficient and can be made locally. Thus, ceramic water filtration systems are widely used due to their affordability and easy maintenance.
Journal Article
Preparation of Aluminosilicate from Waste of Algae Biomass
The waste of algae in the water filtration plants is to be considered waste and thrown away. This study reveals that the waste of algae biomass in the water filtration plant can be converted into a useful product such as aluminosilicate (AS). AS has been used for the preparation of gases separation membranes. In this study, waste of algae biomass was collected from the Arisu Water Filtration Plant in Seoul, South Korea. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results reveal that the Arisu water filtration algae contains Al = 10.34%, Si = 29.74%, C = 23.00, and oxygen = 29.32% by its nature. According to EDX results, this composition is favorable for converting waste of algae biomass into AS. Therefore, in this article, AS was prepared from waste algae biomass by using a combustion process. Two chemical activation agents, ZnCl
2
and FeCl
3
, are used for chemical activation. Chemical activation takes place in the muffle furnace at 550 °C. The properties of the prepared aluminosilicate were analyzed by characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, EDX, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The XRD results of the ZnCl
2
chemical activation process reveal the amorphous structure of the aluminosilicate peak at an angle of 20–35 degrees. TGA analysis is carried out to find out the thermal stability of the prepared AS. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis was analyzed to figure out the attached surface functional groups of the prepared aluminosilicate.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
Microbial risk assessment of drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) in Mahasarakham province of Thailand
This investigation aimed to assess the microbial quality of drinking water produced by drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) to assess the health risk of DFTM water. A total of 210 samples were randomly collected of 70 DFTMs within a radial distance of 500 metres around Mahasarakham University. The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the DFTM water was 54.17% and 16.67% with an average concentration of 1.04 log cfu/ml and 0.26 log cfu/ml, respectively. The risk calculation (using the @Risk program based on drinking water consumption of 2 L/day) indicated that the probability of exposure was 1.67 E-01, while the probability of illness due to E. coli and S. aureus was 2.08 E-03 and 1.58 E-05 and the risk of illness was 1.13 E-03 and 2.64 E-06, respectively. The sanitation status and drinking water quality related to health would be influenced by other pathogens due to the poor hygienic conditions of DFTMs and improper environments.
Journal Article