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Leak Detection - Technology and Implementation (2nd Edition)
Ageing infrastructure and declining water resources are major concerns with a growing global population. Controlling water loss has therefore become a priority for water utilities around the world. In order to improve their efficiencies, water utilities need to apply good practice in leak detection.To deal with losses in an effective manner, particularly from networks in water-scarce areas, water utility managers are increasingly turning to technology to reduce costs, increase efficiency and improve reliability. Companies that continuously invest in technology and innovation should see a positive return on investment in terms of improving daily operations and collection and analysis of network data for decision making and forward planning.Methodologies for achieving the best results to reduce water losses are continuously evolving. Water utilities and equipment manufacturers are increasingly working together to stretch the boundaries of current knowledge. This is leading to some innovative technologies and new product development to complement current methodologies. This book reflects the situation at the time of publication.This Second Edition of the book updates practices and technologies that have been introduced or further developed in recent years in leakage detection. It outlines recent advancements in technology used, such as satellite aided methods in leak location, pipeline inspection with thermal diagnostics, inspection of pipelines by air using infrared or thermal imaging cameras, drones for leak detection activities and even sniffer dogs. In addition, it is enriched with new case studies that provide useful examples of practical applications of several leak detection practices and technologies.
eBook
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Water Leakages in a PVC-A Pipe
Nowadays, in the definition of effective approaches for the sustainable management of water pressurized systems, the assessment of water leakages in water supply and distribution systems represents a key aspect. Indeed, the large water volumes dispersed yearly provoke relevant environmental, technical and socio-economic costs. Worldwide, many water systems show alarming levels of water losses, due to both the poor sealing of joints and the presence of cracks, enhanced by a high pressure level greater than that strictly required for assuring a proper service level to users. With the aim of analysing the correlation between pressure and leakages, in this work the results of an experimental and a numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigation are provided and discussed. With reference to a drilled PVC-A (Polyvinyl Chloride-Alloy) pipe, a new-generation plastic material for water systems use, an experimental investigation was first carried out at the Laboratory of Hydraulics of the University of Naples Federico II, aimed at assessing the leakage-pressure relation for transversal rectangular orifices. A CFD model was then implemented and calibrated with experimental results, to different geometric configurations of the orifice, with the aim of assessing the dependence of the orifice geometry and orientation on the calibration of leakage law parameters.
Journal Article
An Analysis of Water Leakages in Series Pipelines Using the Rigid Column Model
Water leakages are assessed with an extended period simulation (traditional analysis) in water distribution networks. However, when rapid manoeuvres regulate valves, the conventional analysis proves unsuitable for representing the water volume of leaks. Under these circumstances, the Rigid Water Column Model can be utilised to accurately compute the quantity of water volume leaks. This method has been applied to single and parallel pipelines to predict water leakages, considering the opening and closure manoeuvres of regulating valves. This research develops governing equations using the Rigid Column Model to predict water volume leaks in a general scheme of series pipelines, accounting for the opening and closure manoeuvres in regulating valves. The practical application involves two branches of a series pipeline with internal pipe diameters of 0.45 and 0.25 m and pipe lengths of 1200 and 1400 m, respectively. The results of this practical application demonstrate the accuracy of the Rigid Column Model and its relevance in real-world scenarios. For instance, the model shows that traditional analysis can overestimate water volume leaks by approximately 72% when a closure manoeuvre regulates valves for 200 s and by about 28% for 30 s, highlighting the need for a more accurate method.
Journal Article
Analysis of Regional Characteristics of Climate Change Factors Affecting Water Distribution Pipe Leakage
Understanding the factors behind urban water leakage is crucial for developing a sustainable climate and protecting civil infrastructure. Water leaks not only waste essential resources but also increase urban vulnerabilities to climate-induced disasters. This study investigates the teleconnection between leakage incidents and climate change indices to establish predictive insight for water management. It focuses on climate phenomena such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which significantly influence global climate dynamics, affecting temperature and precipitation in South Korea. Using Pearson correlation analysis and Granger causality tests, this research examines climate indices and leakage data across South Korea’s inland regions from 2009 to 2022. The results indicate that ENSO indices exhibit a lead time of 6 to 30 months, with significant correlations in coastal areas, particularly Chungnam (west coast) and Gyeongnam (east coast). Inland regions such as Gimcheon and Chuncheon also showed notable correlations influenced by topographical factors. The findings highlight the importance of integrating climate teleconnection indices into risk management strategies. This approach allows for targeted monitoring and predictive modeling, enabling proactive responses to water leakage risks and contributing to sustainable urban development.
Journal Article
Water Management and Water Loss
This book contains a selection of papers and articles written by various internationally recognised specialists in the field of water loss reduction. The articles have been drawn together from IWA conferences during the past 5 years and provide details of how water losses from Municipal distribution systems can be reduced. The book provides useful background information and reference materials to help explain the different approaches and interventions that are used to reduce water losses. Numerous real case studies are provided that highlight the processes and methodologies employed around the world to reduce water losses. This book covers many aspects of water loss control including, pressure management, leak detection and repair, Internal plumbing losses and retrofitting, community involvement and education/awareness, schools education and leak repair projects.
eBook
Towards Automated 3D Inspection of Water Leakages in Shield Tunnel Linings Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data
On-site manual inspection of metro tunnel leakages has been faced with the problems of low efficiency and poor accuracy. An automated, high-precision, and robust water leakage inspection method is vital to improve the manual approach. Existing approaches cannot provide the leakage location due to the lack of spatial information. Therefore, an integrated deep learning method of water leakage inspection using tunnel lining point cloud data from mobile laser scanning is presented in this paper. It is composed of three parts as follows: (1) establishment of the water leakage dataset using the acquired point clouds of tunnel linings; (2) automated leakage detection via a mask-region-based convolutional neural network; and (3) visualization and quantitative evaluation of the water leakage in 3D space via a novel triangle mesh method. The testing result reveals that the proposed method achieves automated detection and evaluation of tunnel lining water leakages in 3D space, which provides the inspectors with an intuitive overall 3D view of the detected water leakages and the leakage information (area, location, lining segments, etc.).
Journal Article
Smart Technologies for Water Resource Management: An Overview
The latest progress in information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have opened up new opportunities for real-time monitoring and controlling of cities’ structures, infrastructures, and services. In this context, smart water management technology provides the data and tools to help users more effectively manage water usage. Data collected with smart water devices are being integrated with building management systems to show how much water is used by occupants as well as to identify the consumption areas to use water more efficiently. By this approach, smart buildings represent an innovative solution that enhances a city’s sustainability and contributes to overcoming environmental challenges due to increasing population and climate change. One of the main challenges is resource-saving and recovery. Water is an all-important need of all living beings, and the concerns of its scarcity impose a transition to innovative and sustainable management starting from the building scale. Thus, this manuscript aims to provide an updated and valuable overview for researchers, consumers, and stakeholders regarding implementing smart and sustainable technologies for water resource management, primarily for building-scale uses.
Journal Article
Research on Signal Noise Reduction and Leakage Localization in Urban Water Supply Pipelines Based on Northern Goshawk Optimization
In order to enhance the accuracy and adaptability of urban water supply pipeline leak localization, based on the Northern Goshawk Optimization, a novel joint denoising method is proposed in this paper to reduce noise in negative pressure wave signals caused by leaks. Firstly, the Northern Goshawk Optimization optimizes the decomposition levels and penalty factors of Variational Mode Decomposition, and obtains their optimal combination. Subsequently, the optimized parameters are used to decompose the pressure signals into modal components, and the effective components and noise components are distinguished according to the correlation coefficients. Then, an optimized wavelet thresholding method is applied to the selected effective components for secondary denoising. Finally, the signal components that have been denoised twice are reconstructed with the effective signal components, and the denoised negative pressure wave signals are obtained. Simulation experiments demonstrate that compared to wavelet transforms and Empirical Mode Decomposition, our method achieves the highest signal-to-noise ratio improvement of 12.23 dB and normalized cross correlation of 0.991. It effectively preserves useful leak information in the signal while suppressing noise, laying a solid foundation for improving leak localization accuracy. After several leak simulation tests on the leakage simulation test platform, the test results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The minimum relative error of the leakage localization is 0.29%, and an average relative error is 1.64%, achieving accurate leakage localization.
Journal Article