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Pipe Flow
Pipe Flow provides the information required to design and analyze the piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, the authors demonstrate how to accurately predict and manage pressure loss while working with a variety of piping systems and piping components. The book draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoretical research, including important loss coefficient data for a wide selection of piping components. Experimental test data and published formulas are examined, integrated and organized into broadly applicable equations. The results are also presented in straightforward tables and diagrams. Sample problems and their solution are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable the readers to explore all the topics in greater depth. With its clear explanations, Pipe Flow is recommended as a textbook for engineering students and as a reference for professional engineers who need to design, operate, and troubleshoot piping systems. The book employs the English gravitational system as well as the International System (or SI).
eBook
Flavored Versus Nonflavored Waterpipe Tobacco: A Comparison of Toxicant Exposure, Puff Topography, Subjective Experiences, and Harm Perceptions
Flavored waterpipe (WP) tobacco is the main type of tobacco used by young WP smokers, and a major factor attracting youth to smoke. However, evidence regarding the effect of limiting flavor on WP smokers' experience continues to be lacking. This study aims at evaluating the effect of flavor restriction on WP smokers' toxicant exposure, smoking topography, subjective experiences and harm perception.
Thirty-two WP smokers completed two, 45-minute ad libitum smoking sessions (preferred flavor vs non-flavored tobacco) in a crossover design pilot study. Plasma nicotine concentration and exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) were measured before and after each smoking session. Puff topography was recorded throughout the smoking session. Participants completed survey questionnaires assessing subjective smoking experiences and harm perception.
Significant differences were observed in plasma nicotine concentration between the two WP tobacco conditions, with a higher increase in plasma nicotine concentration following the flavored tobacco session. There were no significant differences between the two WP tobacco conditions for eCO and smoking topography measures. Compared with the non-flavored WP tobacco, we documented enhanced subjective smoking measures of satisfaction, calmness, taste, puff liking and enjoyment following the preferred flavored WP tobacco session. Cigarette harm perception was significantly higher among participants after smoking their preferred flavor compared with non-flavored WP tobacco.
Limiting tobacco flavor has a substantial effect on WP smokers' nicotine exposure, subjective experience and harm perception. Therefore, eliminating or restricting WP flavors could be an essential element of comprehensive tobacco control policies to reduce the appeal of WP tobacco products for youth.
This study highlights the important role of flavor in shaping WP smokers' experiences and exposures and the potential impact that regulating flavored WP tobacco may have on curbing WP use among youth in the US. Such regulations may reduce the appeal and the interest in WP smoking initiation and continued use.
Journal Article
The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system
Hookah or waterpipe smoking or use is an emerging trend in the US population, especially among the youth. The misperception of hookah being less harmful than cigarettes and the availability of different but “appealing” flavors are considered among the main reasons for this trend. Hookah users however are exposed to many of the same toxic compounds/by-products as cigarette users, but at dramatically higher levels, which might lead to more severe negative health effects. In fact, hookah users are at risks of infections, cancers, lung disease, and other medical conditions. Moreover, because of the overlapping toxicant/chemical profile to conventional cigarettes, hookah smoke effects on the cardiovascular system are thought to be comparable to those of conventional cigarettes. A major source of tobacco addiction is nicotine, whose levels in hookah are extremely variable as they depend on the type of tobacco used. Taken together, in this review of literature, we will provide insights on the negative health effects of hookah in general, with a focus on what is known regarding its impact on the cardiovascular system.
Journal Article
Impact of smoking hookah and cigarettes on hematological and biochemical profiles in the Iranian population
Background
Despite widespread tobacco use, current evidence about how different smoking methods affect hematological and biochemical parameters remains limited and inconsistent. We aimed to explore the specific impacts of hookah smoking, cigarette smoking, and dual tobacco use on key hematological and biochemical markers to address these knowledge gaps and guide targeted clinical interventions.
Methods
The present analysis was conducted among participants in Bandar-Kong Non-Communicable Diseases (BKNCD) Cohort Study, as a part of Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). The analytical sample consists of 4000 adults who self-reported as non-smokers, current (past 30 days) hookah-only users, cigarette-only users, and dual users. Hematological and biochemical parameters were measured using fasting blood sampling. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between smoking status and each parameter, adjusting for age, gender, BMI, occupation, and hypertension.
Results
This cross-sectional study of 4,000 adults—non-smokers (
n
= 2,890), hookah-only users (
n
= 530), cigarette-only users (
n
= 405), and dual users (
n
= 175)—examined differences in hematological and biochemical profiles. Hookah smokers showed higher red blood cell indices (RBC: β = 0.16, Hb: β = 0.33, HCT: β = 1.16; all
p
< 0.001) and monocytes (β = 0.26,
p
= 0.005), but lower cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL levels (
p
< 0.05). Cigarette smokers had elevated WBC (β = 0.73,
p
< 0.001), RDWCV (β = 0.36,
p
< 0.001), and triglycerides (β = 14.41,
p
= 0.002), with reduced HDL-C (β=−1.91,
p
= 0.002). Dual users exhibited increased WBC, RBC, and granulocytes but decreased lymphocytes and serum lipids (
p
< 0.05). Overall, distinct and statistically significant blood and metabolic alterations were observed across tobacco use patterns, reflecting differential biological effects of hookah, cigarette, and dual smoking.
Conclusions
Our findings revealed distinct hematological and biochemical profiles across smoking groups after demographic adjustment. Elevated WBC in cigarette smokers suggests systemic inflammation, while increased RBC in hookah users may indicate hypoxic effects from prolonged carbon monoxide exposure. Future randomized controlled trials should explore the differential effects of smoking with and without nicotine on hematological and biochemical parameters, particularly including emerging tobacco products like e-cigarettes to inform targeted cessation strategies.
Journal Article
Concurrent Alcohol Use and Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Smoking Topography, Toxicant Exposure, and Abuse Liability
Abstract
Introduction
Relative to non-waterpipe (WP) smokers, WP smokers are more than twice as likely to use alcohol and frequently consume alcohol before or during smoking sessions. Co-use of alcohol and WP may result in greater toxicant exposure compared to WP smoking alone. To date, no study systematically has investigated the impact of acute alcohol intoxication on WP smoking topography, exposure to tobacco-related toxicants, or abuse liability.
Methods
Dyads of current WP smokers and drinkers (N = 42; age = 21–32 years) completed two in-laboratory ad libitum smoking sessions (≤2 hours) following 12-hour nicotine abstinence in a double-blind, randomized crossover design in which they consumed a placebo versus active drink (sustained breath alcohol concentration = .08). Exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and plasma nicotine concentration were assessed. Questionnaires assessed smoking experience and smoking urge. Smoking topography was measured continuously throughout each smoking session.
Results
The alcohol session was associated with increased inhaled volume, flow rate, and WP session duration compared to placebo. Compared to placebo, participants reported a more positive overall smoking experience following the alcohol session and greater smoking urges pre- and post-smoking session. Although both sessions resulted in significant increases in eCO and plasma nicotine, no significant differences emerged in eCO or nicotine exposure between the active and placebo sessions.
Conclusions
Co-use of alcohol and WP may contribute to the maintenance of WP smoking through enhanced smoking experiences, increased urge to smoke, and significant exposure to addictive nicotine. Regulations may be necessary to limit the sale of alcohol in WP smoking lounges and reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.
Implications
The findings suggest co-use of alcohol and WP tobacco likely maintain WP use and dependence by enhancing the smoking experience and increasing urges to smoke. These findings have implications for regulations aimed at limiting co-use of alcohol and WP tobacco in WP lounges and limiting exposure to secondhand smoke.
Clinical trials registration
NCT03096860
Journal Article
Correlates of susceptibility to waterpipe tobacco smoking in young adults
Many US young adults are susceptible to waterpipe (i.e., hookah) tobacco smoking (WTS) initiation, but research on factors associated with WTS susceptibility is limited. We examined sociodemographic, other tobacco and substance use, and attitudes and perceptions correlates of WTS susceptibility among young adults.
Baseline data from a randomized trial testing WTS risk messages was collected in US young adults aged 18 to 30 years who never used waterpipe tobacco but were susceptible to WTS (n = 294). Extent of susceptibility to WTS was defined using the average score of a valid scale with higher scores indicating higher susceptibility. Correlates were sociodemographics, other tobacco and substance use, and attitudes and perceptions. Multiple linear regression models identified correlates of greater WTS susceptibility.
Participants averaged 25 (SD 3.2) years of age, 60% were male, 22% were Black non-Hispanic, 47% completed some college education, and 66% were employed. Our models consistently showed that more positive attitudes toward WTS (β = -0.08, p<0.01), lower perceived addictiveness relative to cigarettes (β = -0.09, p = 0.04), and greater perceived social acceptability of WTS (β = 0.05, p<0.01) were positively correlated with WTS susceptibility. Additionally, young adults who smoked cigarillos (β = 0.53, p<0.01), used cannabis (β = 0.14, p = 0.02), and Black non-Hispanic versus White non-Hispanic young adults (β = 0.18, p = 0.03) also had higher WTS susceptibility.
Findings suggest that WTS prevention efforts require multicomponent interventions including targeting subpopulations at greater risk based on race/ethnicity and other tobacco and substance use. These interventions should consider attitudes and social acceptability of WTS as modifiable targets to maximize public health benefits.
Journal Article
Characteristics of Hookah Tobacco Smoking Sessions and Correlates of Use Frequency Among US Adults
Abstract
Introduction
Hookah tobacco smoking has increased in the United States. However, information on hookah use frequency and other characteristics of hookah use is limited.
Methods
Investigators analyzed data from Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of US youth and adults. Our analysis draws on baseline data from adult (ages ≥18 years) ever (N = 10 624) and past year (n = 3947) hookah users. Bivariate and regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between demographics, use characteristics, and hookah use frequency.
Results
Overall, 16.4% of adults reported ever smoking tobacco from a hookah. Of those, 31.9% reported smoking hookah within the past year. Among 3947 past-year hookah tobacco smokers, 10.7% were daily/weekly users, 13.7% were monthly users, 42.1% smoked every couple of months, and 33.5% smoked about once a year. Among daily/weekly hookah users, 66% were young adults (ages 18–24 years). When comparing daily/weekly hookah users to those who smoked every couple of months, more frequent hookah use was associated with younger age, male gender, a greater number of times the hookah is refilled during a session, fewer people sharing, and hookah ownership.
Conclusion
Although there were few demographic differences between daily/weekly users and less frequent hookah tobacco smokers, some notable differences in use behaviors exist among use frequency groups. Unlike other tobacco products, hookah is often smoked communally, over an extended time period. A detailed understanding of hookah user characteristics and experiences could inform hookah-specific measures, messaging, and regulations.
Implications
To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to characterize hookah use frequency, session length, and other hookah use experiences using a nationally representative sample of US adult hookah smokers. Understanding characteristics of hookah tobacco smokers, their use experiences, and patterns of hookah use frequency would be useful in assessing risks for hookah tobacco dependence at the population level. Additionally, identifying variation in use behaviors of hookah tobacco smokers could be used to inform the development of strategies to reduce and prevent hookah tobacco use, such as tobacco regulations or public education efforts, particularly among young adults.
Journal Article
Optimisation of Corrosion Control for Lead in Drinking Water Using Computational Modelling Techniques
This book shows how compliance modelling has been used to very good effect in the optimisation of plumbosolvency control in the United Kingdom, particularly in the optimisation of orthophosphate dosing. Over 100 water supply systems have been modelled, involving 30% of the UKs water companies. This proof-of-concept project has the overall objective of demonstrating that these modelling techniques could also be applicable to the circumstances of Canada and the United States, via three case studies.
eBook