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Water, the mutable form of life
\"The studies of the last few years have given us a different overview of the knowledge of what we generically call 'water'. Are you sure that you know the importance of water? You probably know that water is essential for any living organism, but do you know what kind of water is most appropriate for your wellbeing? Do you know how many kinds of water you could use and why? Do you know about the intimate structure of water? Do you know what superionic ice, a.k.a. hot ice, is? These questions and more are answered within this book\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Light scattering by particles in water : theoretical and experimental foundations
Light scattering-based methods are used to characterize small particles suspended in water in a wide range of disciplines ranging from oceanography, through medicine, to industry. The scope and accuracy of these methods steadily increases with the progress in light scattering research. This book focuses on the theoretical and experimental foundations of the study and modeling of light scattering by particles in water and critically evaluates the key constraints of light scattering models. It begins with a brief review of the relevant theoretical fundamentals of the interaction of light with condensed matter, followed by an extended discussion of the basic optical properties of pure water and seawater and the physical principles that explain them. The book continues with a discussion of key optical features of the pure water/seawater and the most common components of natural waters. In order to clarify and put in focus some of the basic physical principles and most important features of the experimental data on light scattering by particles in water, the authors employ simple models. The book concludes with extensive critical reviews of the experimental constraints of light scattering models: results of measurements of light scattering and of the key properties of the particles: size distribution, refractive index (composition), structure, and shape. These reviews guide the reader through literature scattered among more than 210 scientific journals and periodicals which represent a wide range of disciplines. A special emphasis is put on the methods of measuring both light scattering and the relevant properties of the particles, because principles of these methods may affect interpretation and applicability of the results. The book includes extensive guides to literature on light scattering data and instrumentation design, as well as on the data for size distributions, refractive indices, and shapes typical of particles in natural waters. It also features a comprehensive index, numerous cross-references, and a reference list with over 1370 entries. An errata sheet for this work can be found at: http://www.tpdsci.com/Ref/Jonasz_M_2007_LightScatE.php *Extensive reference section provides handy compilations of knowledge on the designs of light scattering meters, sources of experimental data, and more *Worked exercises and examples throughout
eBook
Physiological and ecological consequences of the water optical properties degradation on reef corals
Degradation of water optical properties due to anthropogenic disturbances is a common phenomenon in coastal waters globally. Although this condition is associated with multiple drivers that affect corals health in multiple ways, its effect on light availability and photosynthetic energy acquisition has been largely neglected. Here, we describe how declining the water optical quality in a coastal reef exposed to a turbid plume of water originating from a man-made channel compromises the functionality of the keystone coral species Orbicella faveolata. We found highly variable water optical conditions with significant effects on the light quantity and quality available for corals. Low-light phenotypes close to theoretical limits of photoacclimation were found at shallow depths as a result of reduced light penetration. The estimated photosynthetically fixed energy depletion with increasing depth was associated with patterns of colony mortality and vertical habitat compression. A numerical model illustrates the potential effect of the progressive water quality degradation on coral mortality and population decline along the depth gradient. Collectively, our findings suggest that preserving the water properties seeking to maximize light penetration through the water column is essential for maintaining the coral reef structure and associated ecosystem services.
Journal Article
Distribution, Mixing, and Transformation of a Loop Current Ring Waters: The Case of Gulf of Mexico
Mesoscale warm‐core rings, known as Loop Current rings (LCRs) reshape the Gulf of Mexico water masses by redistributing large amounts of heat and salt laterally. LCRs also transform water masses via diapycnal mixing, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly measured. Here, we present glider‐MicroPod turbulence observations that reveal enhanced mixing below the mixed layer, along the eddy edges, driving the LCR's heat, salt, and oxygen exchanges. Interleavings of adjacent water masses may be interpreted mainly as a manifestation of submesoscale processes through stirring of the spice gradients, which facilitates double‐diffusive mixing that transforms Subtropical Underwater into Gulf Common Water. Our findings highlight the need for ocean models to parameterize double‐diffusive mixing processes directly resulting from submesoscale tracer stirring, which may be important at basin scale in the presence of LCRs in the Gulf of Mexico. Plain Language Summary In the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), anticyclonic eddies, known as Loop Current rings (LCRs) carrying warm and salty water shape the basin's water mass properties, which in turn, affects the regional climate and marine life. The water mass properties are altered by turbulent mixing. However, the mechanisms leading to the mixing of GoM waters are still under debate due to a lack of observations. Here, we use an autonomous underwater vehicle (glider) equipped with a turbulence sensor to assess the nature of LCR mixing and its impact on water properties. The breaking of internal waves in the ocean is often thought to be responsible for turbulent mixing in the ocean interior. However, our findings demonstrate that a process called double‐diffusive convection is responsible, where turbulence is forced by differences between the temperature and salinity of adjacent water parcels. We found that double‐diffusive convection was the main driver in mixing heat, salt, and oxygen along the eddy edges, producing Gulf Common Water. These findings highlight the need to include double diffusive processes in ocean models for more accurate simulations. Key Points Direct observations of turbulence reveal the distribution of mixing across a Gulf of Mexico Loop Current Ring Subtropical Underwater is transformed into Gulf Common Water through double‐diffusive convection on the edges of the eddy
Journal Article
The science of a glass of water : the science of states of matter
Learn what water is, how we use it, and why our world may be running dry.
Book
Changes in productivity and intermediate circulation in the northern Indian Ocean since the last deglaciation: new insights from benthic foraminiferal Cd ∕ Ca records and benthic assemblage analyses
We have measured Cd/Ca ratios of several benthic foraminiferal species and studied benthic foraminiferal assemblages on two cores from the northern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea and northern Bay of Bengal, BoB), in order to reconstruct variations in intermediate-water circulation and paleo-nutrient content since the last deglaciation. Intermediate water Cdw records estimated from the benthic Cd/Ca reflect past changes in surface productivity and/or intermediate–bottom-water ventilation. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages are consistent with the geochemical data. These results suggest that during the last deglaciation, Cdw variability was primarily driven by changes in intermediate-water properties, indicating an enhanced ventilation of intermediate–bottom water masses during both Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas (HS1 and YD, respectively). During the Holocene, however, surface primary productivity appears to have influenced Cdw more than intermediate water mass properties. This is evident during the early Holocene (from 10 to 6 cal ka) when benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate that surface primary productivity was low, resulting in low intermediate-water Cdw at both sites. Then, from ∼ 5.2 to 2.4 cal ka, surface productivity increased markedly, causing a significant increase in the intermediate-water Cdw in the southeastern Arabian Sea and the northeastern BoB. The comparison of intermediate-water Cdw records with previous reconstructions of past Indian monsoon evolution during the Holocene suggests a direct control of intermediate-water Cdw by monsoon-induced changes in upper-water stratification and surface primary productivity.
Journal Article
Distribution of modified Circumpolar Deep Water and its threat in Vincennes Bay, East Antarctica
The Antarctic Bottom Water formation site Vincennes Bay, East Antarctica is experiencing a substantial intrusion of modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW), which may inhibit the formation of Dense Shelf Water (DSW) and drive basal melting of the ice shelves. Based on hydrographic data obtained from March to November in 2012, we evaluated the spatial spread of mCDW over the continental shelf region of Vincennes Bay and the associated temporal evolution of water properties, as well as the sea ice formation effect on water column in the coastal polynya. Results show that two branches of mCDW occupied the deep layers of the continental shelf, distinguished by the potential density (smaller than 27.8 kg/m
3
or not) when potential temperature
θ
=−0.5 °C in the
θ
-salinity space. The warmer and less dense branch observed on the east plateau, accessed the eastern ice shelves in the coastal polynya to drive basal melting of ice shelves. In contrast, the other colder and denser branch in the mid-depression reached the western Underwood Ice Shelf. DSW formation was detectable in the coastal polynya during September–November, proving the occurrence of deep convection. Surface heat loss and brine rejection during the intensive sea ice formation contributed to the destratification of the water column in the coastal polynya. It was estimated that at least 1.11±0.79 TW heat carried by mCDW into the inner part of the polynya.
Journal Article