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"Water quality control"
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Water Reuse
Expanding water reuse-the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation-could significantly increase the nation's total available water resources. Water Reuse presents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower. This report recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.
eBook
Water quality control plan with BATHTUB model for lake inflow rivers – a case study of total phosphorus in Northwest Lake Taihu, China
Total phosphorus (TP) standards for lakes differ from those for rivers in GB3838-2002. This disjunction may lead to the failure of lake-water quality improvement plans that control nutrient inputs from inflow rivers. With monthly monitoring data for the period 2009–2015, Northwest Lake Taihu was regarded as a case study and the BATHTUB model was utilised to simulate the correspondence between concentrations of TP in the lake and in its inflow rivers. A control plan for TP in Northwest Lake Taihu's inflow rivers is proposed. To guarantee the fulfillment of the control goals of TP in the lake, concentration of TP in the inflow rivers of North Zone, Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay and Gonghu Bay should be reduced by 50%, 58%, 18% and 11%, respectively, and TP flux loads should be maintained under 227.35, 173.39, 113.69 and 90.62 ta−1, respectively. Meanwhile, total TP influxes from Northwest Lake Taihu should be maintained under 604.63 ta−1. A control plan that is more restrictive than GB3838-2002 should be proposed to address the TP pollution of the lake. This research provides the foundation for quantifying reduction of the nutrient loading from the catchment and for maintaining Lake Taihu and other typical eutrophic lakes.
Journal Article
The hazards of urban life in late Stalinist Russia : health, hygiene, and living standards, 1943-1953
\"This is the first detailed study of the standard of living of ordinary Russians following World War II. It examines urban living conditions under the Stalinist regime with a focus on the key issues of sanitation, access to safe water supplies, personal hygiene and anti-epidemic controls, diet and nutrition, and infant mortality. Comparing five key industrial regions, it shows that living conditions still lagged some fifty years behind Western European norms. Yet, despite this, the book reveals that the years preceding Stalin's death saw dramatic improvements in mortality rates thanks to the application of rigorous public health controls and Western medical innovations. While tracing these changes, the book also analyzes the impact that the absence of an adequate urban infrastructure had on peoples' daily lives and on the relationship between the Stalinist regime and the Russian people and, finally, how the Soviet experience compared to that of earlier industrializing societies\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Accounting for interactions between Sustainable Development Goals is essential for water pollution control in China
Meeting the United Nations’ (UN’s) 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has become a worldwide mission. How these SDGs interrelate, however, is not well known. We assess the interactions between SDGs for the case of water pollution by nutrients in China. The results show 319 interactions between SDGs for clean water (SDGs 6 and 14) and other SDGs, of which 286 are positive (synergies) and 33 are negative (tradeoffs) interactions. We analyze six scenarios in China accounting for the cobenefits of water pollution control using a large-scale water quality model. We consider scenarios that benefit from synergies and avoid tradeoffs. Our results show that effective pollution control requires accounting for the interactions between SDGs. For instance, combining improved nutrient management, efficient food consumption, and climate mitigation is effective for simultaneously meeting SDGs 6 and 14 as well as other SDGs for food, cities and climate. Our study serves as an example of assessing SDG interactions in environmental policies in China as well as in other regions of the world.
The UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are highly interrelated. This study finds 319 interactions between SDGs for the case of water pollution in China. Results show that effective pollution control requires accounting for these interactions.
Journal Article
Sustainable agricultural practices for food security and ecosystem services
The notion of food security is a global phenomenon that impinges on every human. Efforts to increase productivity and yields have historically degraded the environment and reduced biodiversity and ecosystem services, with the significant impact on the poor. Sustainable agriculture—farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services—is a practical option for achieving global food security while minimizing further environmental degradation. Sustainable agricultural systems offer ecosystem services, such as pollination, biological pest control, regulation of soil and water quality, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, nutrient cycling, hydrological services, and biodiversity conservation. In this review, we discuss the potential of sustainable agriculture for achieving global food security alongside healthy ecosystems that provide other valuable services to humankind. Too often, agricultural production systems are considered separate from other natural ecosystems, and insufficient attention has been paid to how services can flow to and from agricultural production systems to surrounding ecosystems. This review also details the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services, highlights current knowledge gaps, and proposes areas for future research.
Journal Article
Contribution of nitrogen fixation to the external nitrogen load of a water quality control reservoir (Kis-Balaton Water Protection System, Hungary)
To reduce external nutrient loading by the greatest nutrient transporter to Lake Balaton, the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System commenced operation in 1985. Cyanobacterial blooms (
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
,
Aphanizomenon
sp. and
Anabaena
sp.) cause N-loading via nitrogen fixation, which can exceed the total external N-load to the reservoir during the summer. Nitrogen fixation of phytoplankton in the system in 2009 was measured using the
15
N-isotope technique. The light dependence of fixation was described by an exponential saturated curve which was then used to calculate daily nitrogen fixation. The total amount of nitrogen fixed during summer months (July–August) exceeded 170 t for the 21 km
2
of open water area, which was more than three times higher than the external load by inflows. Total nitrogen:total phosphorus mass ratios (2.5–11.5) favoured the development of a N
2
-fixing cyanobacterial bloom, the contribution of which to the total algae biomass varied between 50 and 90%. The estimated primary production of phytoplankton was used to calculate the contribution of nitrogen fixation (0.01–28%) to algae N-demand. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria were found to play a key role in addressing the N-demand of phytoplankton.
Journal Article
Decline in Chinese lake phosphorus concentration accompanied by shift in sources since 2006
Domestic wastewater and agricultural activities are important sources of nutrient pollutants such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Upon reaching freshwater, these nutrients can lead to extensive growth of harmful algae, which results in eutrophication. Many Chinese lakes are subject to such eutrophication, especially in highly polluted areas, and as such, understanding nutrient fluxes to these lakes offers insights into the varying processes governing pollutant fluxes as well as lake water quality. Here we analyse water quality data, recorded between 2006 and 2014 in 862 freshwater lakes in four geographical regions of China, to assess the input of phosphorus from human activity. We find that improvements in sanitation of both rural and urban domestic wastewater have resulted in large-scale declines in lake phosphorus concentrations in the most populated parts of China. In more sparsely populated regions, diffuse sources such as aquaculture and livestock farming offset this decline. Anthropogenic deforestation and soil erosion may also offset decreases in point sources of pollution. In the light of these regional differences, we suggest that a spatially flexible set of policies for water quality control would be beneficial for the future health of Chinese lakes.
Many lakes in China are subject to eutrophication. Water quality analyses on 862 Chinese lakes reveal that better sanitation has reduced phosphorus inputs in the most populated areas, but aquaculture and livestock offset improvements elsewhere.
Journal Article
A watershed water quality prediction model based on attention mechanism and Bi-LSTM
Accurate prediction of water quality contributes to the intelligent management and control of watershed ecology. Water Quality data has time series characteristics, but the existing models only focus on the forward time series when LSTM is introduced and do not consider the effect of the reverse time series on the model. Also did not take into account the different contributions of water quality sequences to the model at different moments. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a watershed water quality prediction model called AT-BILSTM. The model mainly contains a Bi-LSTM layer and a temporal attention layer and introduces an attention mechanism after bidirectional feature extraction of water quality time series data to highlight the data series that have a critical impact on the prediction results. The effectiveness of the method was verified with actual datasets from four monitoring stations in Lanzhou section of the Yellow River basin in China. After comparing with the reference model, the results show that the proposed model combines the bidirectional nonlinear mapping capability of Bi-LSTM and the feature weighting feature of the attention mechanism. Taking Fuhe Bridge as an example, compared with the original LSTM model, the RMSE and MAE of the model are reduced to 0.101 and 0.059, respectively, and the R2 is improved to 0.970, which has the best prediction performance among the four cross-sections and can provide a decision basis for the comprehensive water quality management and pollutant control in the basin.
Journal Article