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"Water quality."
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Water quality in distribution systems
\"Distribution systems represent the last barrier available to water systems to maintain safe and high-quality water, and this manual provides a 'first stop' for common distribution system water quality challenges. M68 offers practical guidance and best management practices for maintaining and improving distribution system water quality. It will help drinking water utilities and professionals understand the factors that affect water quality, ways to address them and best practices for optimizing distribution system water quality.\"-- Page [4] of cover.
Book
Seasonal Hydrochemical Characterization and Groundwater Quality Delineation Based on Matter Element Extension Analysis in a Paper Wastewater Irrigation Area, Northwest China
The current study was carried out to delineate the seasonal hydrochemical characteristics and to quantify the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in an alluvial plain adjacent to a paper wastewater irrigation zone, northwest China. Groundwater samples were collected from 14 groundwater monitoring wells in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Statistical analysis and Chadha diagram were used to delineate the groundwater hydrochemical characteristics. The matter element extension analysis (MEEA) model was proposed to quantify the overall groundwater quality. Irrigation water quality indicators were applied to assess the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purpose. The research results show that the hydrochemical facies for the majority of the groundwater samples is SO
4
·Cl–Na type with some minor hydrochemical facies of HCO
3
–Ca·Mg, HCO
3
–Na, and Cl·SO
4
–Ca·Mg types. The sequences of ions are Na
+
> Ca
2+
> Mg
2+
> K
+
for cations, and HCO
3
−
> Cl
−
> SO
4
2−
> CO
3
2−
for anions. The major ions and contaminants in the groundwater are controlled by multiple factors including hydrogeological conditions, rock weathering, water–rock interactions and human activities. The values of pH, TDS and TH show reduction in the monsoon season, indicating slight improvement of water quality during the monsoon season. Water quality assessment results based on MEEA show that the overall groundwater quality in the wastewater irrigation zone is generally fair to poor quality. Some groundwater samples are even classified as very poor quality, which is unsuitable for human consumption. They are also unsuitable for irrigation because of potential sodium hazard and salinity hazard. Groundwater from the Yellow River irrigation zone and the alluvial plain is generally suitable for domestic and irrigation uses. Some local water sampling locations may experience water quality improvement during the monsoon season, which, however, will generally not affect the final water quality classification for domestic and irrigation purposes. Interestingly, the study also finds that the variation trend of the correlation degree computed from MEEA can be useful in determining water quality improvement. This study may provide insights for people to make educated decisions in efficient groundwater quality protection and sustainable groundwater quality management.
Journal Article
Kids can keep water clean
Teaches young readers the importance of keeping water clean and gives practical ideas on things they can do to pitch in.
Book
GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in central Iraq
In many parts of the world, groundwater is considered to be a key source of fresh water for both the domestic and non-domestic sectors. Where groundwater extraction is implemented, systems to monitor water quality must ensure a safe and sustainable supply. Over the years, Iraq has suffered from surface water quality and supply problems, necessitating groundwater extraction in many regions. This study investigates groundwater quality in a region of central Iraq around Babylon city, covering an area of 5119 km
2
. The data gathered for this study included maps, well locations and water quality data and was sourced from the relevant governmental departments. A base map of the focussed region was initially prepared following data collection. The analysed water quality parameters were used as an attribute database to produce thematic maps using a geographical information system (GIS) environment. In this paper, the water quality index (WQI) and the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) were calculated for different groundwater samples using various parameters including the Electrical Conductivity (EC), Cl
−
, HCO3
−
, Na
+
and pH. Moreover, the groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes has been assessed using indices such as Kelly’s ratio (KR), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and permeability index (PI). Water quality index maps have been developed using the GIS environment. The obtained results reveal that the groundwater in the study location requires specific treatments to be usable.
Journal Article
Solute Geochemistry and Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality in the Guohua Phosphorite Mine, Guizhou Province, China
Water plays a critical role in securing the mine production and domestic consumption in mining areas. This research was carried out to assess the water quality status and to identify the hydrochemical processes contributing to the dissolved constituents of the water in the Guohua phosphorite mine, Guizhou Province, China. Multivariate statistical techniques and correlation analysis were employed to gain a better understanding of the hydrogeochemical processes, and water quality for domestic and irrigation purposes was also assessed. The results indicate that groundwater and surface water quality in the phosphorite mine area is currently excellent with low concentrations of major ions, salinity, and trace metals. Whereas,
E. coli
is excessive in groundwater and surface water, and treatment is required before the water is used for drinking purpose. Groundwater and surface water are, however, suitable for agricultural purposes. The major ions are Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, and HCO
3
−
, and all water samples are predominantly of the HCO
3
–Ca·Mg type. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicates that the water chemistry in the mining area is regulated by natural processes that are controlled by the different geological formations and different hydrogeological settings. Carbonate dissolution/precipitation is the key factor controlling the concentrations of Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, and HCO
3
–
. Pyrite oxidation is an important factor influencing the concentration of SO
4
2–
, whereas evaporation is a minor factor regulating the water chemistry in the mining area. The study results are beneficial for sustainable water quality management in the mining area, and they will also interest mine hydrogeologists and practitioners of the world as a reference for relevant studies in other regions.
Journal Article
Water quality modelling for rivers and streams
The main objective of the Water Framework Directive in the European countries is to achieve a \"good status\" of all the water bodies, in the integrated management of river basins. In order to assess the impact of improvement measures, water quality models are necessary. During the previous decades the progress in computer technology and computational methods has supported the development of advanced mathematical models for pollutant transport in rivers and streams. This book is intended to provide the fundamental knowledge needed for a deeper understanding of these models.
Book
Capacity challenges in water quality monitoring: understanding the role of human development
Monitoring the qualitative status of freshwaters is an important goal of the international community, as stated in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) indicator 6.3.2 on good ambient water quality. Monitoring data are, however, lacking in many countries, allegedly because of capacity challenges of less-developed countries. So far, however, the relationship between human development and capacity challenges for water quality monitoring have not been analysed systematically. This hinders the implementation of fine-tuned capacity development programmes for water quality monitoring. Against this background, this study takes a global perspective in analysing the link between human development and the capacity challenges countries face in their national water quality monitoring programmes. The analysis is based on the latest data on the human development index and an international online survey amongst experts from science and practice. Results provide evidence of a negative relationship between human development and the capacity challenges to meet SDG 6.3.2 monitoring requirements. This negative relationship increases along the course of the monitoring process, from defining the enabling environment, choosing parameters for the collection of field data, to the analytics and analysis of five commonly used parameters (DO, EC, pH, TP and TN). Our assessment can be used to help practitioners improve technical capacity development activities and to identify and target investment in capacity development for monitoring.
Journal Article
Drinking Water Quality and Public Health
Drinking water quality is one of the greatest factors affecting human health. However, drinking water quality in many countries, especially in developing countries is not desirable and poor drinking water quality has induced many waterborne diseases. This special issue of Exposure and Health was edited to gain a better understanding of the impacts of drinking water quality on public health so that proper actions can be taken to improve the drinking water quality conditions in many countries. This editorial introduction reviewed some latest research on drinking water quality and public health, summarized briefly the main points of each contribution in this issue, and then some research fields/directions were proposed to boost further scientific research in drinking water quality and public health. The papers in this issue are interesting and cover many aspects of this research topic, and will be meaningful for the sustainable drinking water quality protection.
Journal Article