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"Water sources"
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Comparative assessment of the relationship between coliform bacteria and water geochemistry in surface and ground water systems
The occurrence of pollution indicator bacteria (total and faecal coliform) has been used as a sanitary parameter for evaluating the quality of drinking water. It is known that these indicators are associated with disease causing organisms which are of great concern to public health. This study assessed the relationship between coliform bacteria and water geochemistry in surface and ground water systems in the Tarkwa mining area using logistic regression models. In surface water sources, higher values of chloride (OR = 0.891, p<005), phosphates (OR = 0.452, p<0.05), pH (OR = 0.174, p<0.05) and zinc (OR = 0.001, p<0.05) were associated with lower odds of faecal coliform contamination. In groundwater sources, higher values of phosphates (OR = 0.043, p<0.001), total dissolved solids (OR = 0.858, p<0.05), turbidity (OR = 0.996, p<0.05) and nickel (OR = 6.09E-07, p<0.05) implied non-contamination by faecal coliform. However, higher values of electrical conductivity (OR = 1.097, p<0.05), nitrates (OR = 1.191, p<0.05) and total suspended solids (OR = 1.023, p<0.05) were associated with higher odds of faecal coliform contamination of groundwater sources. Nitrates and total suspended solids, in this case, were completely mediated by the heavy metals. For total coliform in surface water systems, higher values of magnesium (OR = 1.070, p<0.05) was associated with higher odds of total coliform contamination while higher values of phosphates (OR = 0.968, p<0.05) was associated with lower odds of total coliform contamination although the presence of heavy metals completely mediated these relationships. For ground water systems, higher values of pH (OR = 0.083, p<0.05), phosphates (OR = 0.092, p<0.05), turbidity (OR = 0.950, p<0.05) and chloride (OR = 0.860, p<0.05) were associated with lower odds of total coliform contamination. However, higher values of total suspended solids (OR = 1.054, p<0.05) and nitrates (OR = 1.069, p<0.05) implied contamination of total coliform in ground water sources. The relationship between nitrates and total coliform were mediated by the heavy metals. This study establishes the need to monitor, manage and remediate surface and ground water sources for potential disease causing microbes in ways that takes into consideration the factors that create different conditions in the two water systems. This study validates the usefulness of statistical models as tools for preventing surface and ground water contamination.
Journal Article
Principal component analysis of groundwater sources pollution in Omu-Aran Community, Nigeria
Most developing countries rely on water sources that are usually not protected making them unsafe for drinking. It is imperative to ensure regular assessment and proper monitoring to evaluate their quality and ensure they meet standards before use. This study was aimed at identifying pollution sources of groundwater in the study area of Omu-Aran and assessing the wáter quality under varying temporal conditions. Ninety-six groundwater samples were collected from eight locations during the dry and wet seasons of 2019–2020. These samples were examined for water quality parameters (n = 10) using standard methods. The study adopted the use of principal component analysis (PCA), water quality index (WQI) and independent sample t test to analyze water pollution sources, fully assess water quality and examine temporal variations in the sampling stations respectively. The mean values for measured parameters all fall within the Nigerian Standard Drinking Water Quality guideline values with the exception of pH, nitrite, dissolved oxygen and T. coliform. This pollution was attributed to sewage pollution arising from anthropogenic sources. Water quality decreased during rainy season as compared to the dry season with significant differences (P < 0.05) between these periods except for pH, total hardness and fluoride. WQI ranged from 28.17 to 108.15 which lies on the “good” to “unsuitable for drinking” spectrum. Three latent factors were extracted for both the wet and dry seasons from measured parameters by means of PCA. They explain natural pollution and soil erosion phenomenom due to seasonal changes while organic matter oxidation and mineral dissolution are also identified as factors that affect the water quality in the study area. In conclusion, the study has been able to integrate the use of PCA and WQI to analyse recorded data for pollution source identification and water quality interpretation in the study area. Regular assessment and proper monitoring to evaluate the quality of these sources should be done in order to ensure they meet standards before use. Users should be encouraged to carry out disinfection and ensure their water sources are protected and not left exposed.
Journal Article
Water power : energy from rivers, waves, and tides
From rushing river currents to the waves that crash along coastlines, a look at the many forms of water power.
Book
Africa's water and sanitation infrastructure : access, affordability, and alternatives
The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has produced continent-wide analysis of many aspects of Africa's infrastructure challenge. The main findings were synthesized in a flagship report titled Africa's Infrastructure: a time for transformation, published in November 2009. Meant for policy makers, that report necessarily focused on the high-level conclusions. It attracted widespread media coverage feeding directly into discussions at the 2009 African Union Commission Heads of State Summit on Infrastructure. Although the flagship report served a valuable role in highlighting the main findings of the project, it could not do full justice to the richness of the data collected and technical analysis undertaken. There was clearly a need to make this more detailed material available to a wider audience of infrastructure practitioners. Hence the idea of producing four technical monographs, such as this one, to provide detailed results on each of the major infrastructure sectors, information and communication technologies (ICT), power, transport, and water, as companions to the flagship report. These technical volumes are intended as reference books on each of the infrastructure sectors. They cover all aspects of the AICD project relevant to each sector, including sector performance, gaps in financing and efficiency, and estimates of the need for additional spending on investment, operations, and maintenance. Each volume also comes with a detailed data appendix, providing easy access to all the relevant infrastructure indicators at the country level, which is a resource in and of itself.
eBook
Energy from water : hydroelectric, tidal, and wave power
\"For centuries, falling water has been used in parts of the world to create energy to run grinding stones at mills and irrigation systems for crops. This interesting book shows how the use of this \"clean\" form of energy, called hydroelectricity, is being expanded to help us build a more sustainable future. Discover how other forms of water-based energy, such as energy from ocean waves and tides, are being harnessed and used to help create electricity to power our homes, offices, and factories.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Significant impacts of irrigation water sources and methods on modeling irrigation effects in the ACME Land Model
An irrigation module considering irrigation water source and irrigation method has been incorporated into the ACME Land Model (ALM). Global numerical experiments were conducted to investigate irrigation effects and their sensitivity to irrigation water sources and irrigation methods. All simulations shared the same irrigation soil moisture target constrained by a global census data set of irrigation amounts. Irrigation has large impacts on terrestrial water balances especially in regions with extensive irrigation. Such effects depend on the irrigation water source: surface water‐fed irrigation decreases runoff and water table depth, while groundwater‐fed irrigation increases water table depth, and increases or decreases runoff depending on the pumping intensity. Irrigation effects also depend significantly on the irrigation method. Flood irrigation applies water in large volumes within short durations, resulting in much larger impacts on runoff and water table depth than drip and sprinkler irrigation. Differentiating the irrigation water source and method is important not only for representing the distinct pathways of how irrigation influences the terrestrial water balances, but also for estimating irrigation water use efficiency. Specifically, groundwater pumping has lower irrigation water use efficiency than irrigation relying on surface water withdrawal only due to enhanced recharge rates. Different irrigation methods also affect water use efficiency, with drip irrigation being the most efficient followed by sprinkler and flood irrigation. Our results highlight the importance of explicitly accounting for irrigation source and irrigation method, which are the least understood and constrained aspects in modeling irrigation water demand, water scarcity, and irrigation effects in Earth System Models. Key Points An irrigation module considering irrigation water source and irrigation method has been incorporated in the ACME Land Model. Choice of irrigation water source and irrigation method has significant impacts on modeling irrigation effects. Irrigation water use efficiency varies with irrigation water source and method, with important implications for modeling water use and scarcity.
Journal Article
Investigation of heavy metal contamination and associated health risks in groundwater sources of southwestern Punjab, India
Human body exposure to various toxic and non-toxic heavy metals in groundwater is a significant health concern, especially in developing countries. The present study was planned and carried out to appraise the potential health risks of eight heavy metals (Mn, Co, Cu, As, Se, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in different water sources of the Mansa and Muktsar districts of Punjab. The measurements of heavy metals were performed using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) technique. The health (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) risks and doses (ingestion and dermal) associated with exposure to heavy metals in water were estimated from the measured concentrations using USEPA guidelines. The average concentrations of heavy metals were observed in the order of Mn (13.93) > Cu (13.12) > Se (4.14) > As (3.28) > Hg (3.27) > Pb (1.29) > Co (0.20) > Cd (0.10) μg L
−1
. The results show that the Hg, Pb, As, and Se concentrations are above the guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 10.34%, 3.45%, 6.90%, and 6.90% locations, respectively. The high values of these heavy metals may be due to geogenic anthropogenic activities. The hazard quotients (non-carcinogenic risk) for ingestion and dermal exposures were observed in the range of 0.32–3.79 and 8.05 × 10
−6
–1.34 × 10
−4
, respectively. On the other hand, the carcinogenic health risks due to ingestion and dermal exposure were observed to be 0.02–0.38 and 6.67 × 10
−8
–1.15 × 10
−6
, respectively. The results of this study will be helpful to the drinking water supplying agencies, water resource development authorities, etc.
Journal Article