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In order to improve the accuracy of the stratified hot water storage tank model and simplify the modeling process of the stratified water tank, a modelling method of the stratified water tank based on MATLAB/SIMULINK is proposed. By comparing with TRNSYS platform simulation, the correctness and accuracy of this method are verified. At the same time, this method is used to establish a six-node stratified hot water storage tank. Through the simulation of 8 different working conditions, the influence of different inlet and outlet water flow rates and temperature of the inlet and outlet water on the stratification effect of the hot water storage tank is analyzed.

The design of reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C) water tanks follow the standards prescribed for Concrete structures retaining aqueous liquids. For Tightness Class I structures, the standard mandates a crack width not exceeding 0.2 mm. This can be achieved by maintaining steel stresses below 130 N/mm 2 , eliminating the need for crack width calculations, referred to as Type I tanks, or else by increasing the steel stresses up to the ultimate stress limit, including crack width calculations, referred to as Type II tanks. Type II tanks are chosen for this comparative study due to their cost-effectiveness, attributed to significant steel savings as compared to Type I. Despite steel savings, Type II tanks underutilize materials (both steel and concrete) and are bulky due to stringent minimum dimensions norms, limiting material stresses and crack width criteria. Additionally, post-construction leakage persists in Conventional Tanks. To address both leakage and cost concerns, this study introduces Hybrid tanks, integrating a ferrocement lining for impermeability, designed for strain compatibility, with an R.C.C. tank body adhering to Indian standards for R.C.C. structure design. Hybrid and Conventional Intze water tanks, with capacities of 200, 600, and 1000 kiloliters, undergo meticulous design using an in-house developed C++software program for the comparative study. This software program incorporates heuristic optimization, continuity-based analysis, and the limit state design method. Comparatively, Hybrid tanks offer significant cost savings (20% to 28%), enhanced structural performance, and notable reductions in crack width (46–52%), concrete usage (30–36%), and steel consumption (11–20%). These tanks exhibit reduced deflection (10–16% in full, 38–46% in empty tanks), minimized raft area (10–35%), and lower base shear (4–6% in full tank, 16–23% in empty tank), establishing them as efficient alternatives for water storage.

BackgroundHousehold water storage remains a necessity in many communities worldwide, especially in the developing countries. Water storage often using tanks/vessels is envisaged to be a source of water contamination, along with related user practices. Several studies have investigated this phenomenon, albeit in isolation. This study aimed at developing a systematic review, focusing on the impacts of water storage tank/vessel features and user practices on water quality.MethodsDatabase searches for relevant peer-reviewed papers and grey literature were done. A systematic criterion was set for the selection of publications and after scrutinizing 1106 records, 24 were selected. These were further subjected to a quality appraisal, and data was extracted from them to complete the review.Results and discussionMicrobiological and physicochemical parameters were the basis for measuring water quality in storage tanks or vessels. Water storage tank/vessel material and retention time had the highest effect on stored water quality along with age, colour, design, and location. Water storage tank/vessel cleaning and hygiene practices like tank/vessel covering were the user practices most investigated by researchers in the literature reviewed and they were seen to have an impact on stored water quality.ConclusionsThere is evidence in the literature that storage tanks/vessels, and user practices affect water quality. Little is known about the optimal tank/vessel cleaning frequency to ensure safe drinking water quality. More research is required to conclusively determine the best matrix of tank/vessel features and user practices to ensure good water quality.

During a few extremely distressing earthquakes in India, R.C.C. elevated water tanks suffered significant damage or collapsed. This may have been brought on by incorrect staging geometry as well as ignorance of how the tank's supporting system should behave in the event of an earthquake. The elevated water tank is made up of structural components such as footings, beams, columns, and slabs. Subjected loads are passed between these components and ultimately to the soil's sub-grade. When an overhead tank is advantageously analysed, the elevated water tank behaves differently for distinct types of loadings (Dead, Live, and Seismic). Various combinations of loads that support the possibility of occurrence are indicated by the codes for Indian standards. The primary goal of this research is to improve performance during earthquakes and complement conventional staging by better understanding the behaviour of various bracing systems. Equivalent static analysis of various bracing system types applied to the elevated circular water tank staging in the seismic zone are carried out using STAAD Pro. The axial force and maximum bending moment of the circular water tank are examined in the X, Y, and Z axes. Several models are used to calculate the axial force and maximum bending moment for staging with cross bracing, diagonal bracing, and alternating diagonal bracing.

The flexible fire hose and net (hose net) is a novel fish-hauling device developed for set-net fishery. The hose net is placed inside the box chamber net, air is injected from one edge of the hose net, the hoses are inflated, and the buoyancy force is increased. The net floats up gradually, cornering the fish on the other edge. In previous studies, we have conducted a series of floating-up and sinking-down experiments to evaluate the performance of the hose net in calm water. In this study, aimed at the practical implementation of the hose net fish-hauling system, we conducted a water tank experiment and a semi-field test to confirm the operation of the hose net, which was installed inside a box chamber net model. The results demonstrated that the net could float up gradually in an ideal form and stretched on the surface of the box net. The time taken to float up processes varied with the air injected into the auxiliary hose and hose net, so that the motion of the hose net could be controlled by adjusting the air at different parts of practical operation. Furthermore, semi-field trials were conducted to verify its performance in the natural marine environment and its ability to capture schools of fish. Overall, this innovative hose net fish-hauling device is expected to be valuable for next-generation set-net fishing.

Water is a precious resource that can be intelligently managed. Effective water usage demands computerized home water supply management in a culture where water tanks, motors, and pumps are ubiquitous. Water management is crucial for the government and the citizens in countries like Saudi Arabia. The issue is providing a constant, high-quality, low-cost water supply. This study introduces a smart water management (IoT-SWM) system that may be used in structures that do not have access to a constant water supply but instead have water stored in enormous tanks underneath. The GSM module collects water use data from each home in a community and transmits it to the cloud, where it is analyzed. A smart water grid is a hybrid application that uses an inspection mode to identify leaks and measure the resulting height differences to keep track of the tank’s water level. The system automatically deactivates the affected section after detecting any water shortage or malfunction in the system mechanism, such as broken valves, pumps, or pipes. It sends an emergency signal to building managers. It monitors essential water quality elements regularly, and if they fall below acceptable levels, it sends warning signals to the building management, who can take action. Over an extended period, the system monitored and recorded all water quality metrics. The system restarts when the water pump has been reconnected and sends an emergency alert. As a result, the suggested system has been an excellent replacement for Saudi Arabia’s mechanically operated system.

In specific fields such as industrial manufacturing, the water level control of containers such as water tanks is an important step. To enhance the liquid level control with its efficiency and stability, a fuzzy PID liquid level control system integrates the principles of PID control theory and fuzzy control theory, and Simulink simulation program is used to compare it with traditional PID control in this paper. The liquid level control system will adjust the water flow speed according to the current situation in the tank by using PID control, such as the liquid level height, the rate of change of the height, so that the liquid level height can reach the desired value in the shortest time. The fuzzy control will adjust the output result of the former more precisely, making the whole system more stable and reliable. The results demonstrate that, within the context of a standard water tank system, the response time of the fuzzy PID controller is more rapid compared to the traditional PID controller, with a reduction in response time from 117 seconds to 98 seconds, an improvement of more than 10 percent, but it is consistent with the latter in terms of regulation time, overshoot and steady-state error.

Elevated water tanks are considered crucial infrastructure due to their significant role in supporting essential services. A strong ground motion may result in a failure or significant damage to a reinforced concrete shaft of an elevated water tank because hysteric energy dissipation is limited to the formation of plastic hinges at the base of the shaft, while the nonlinear properties of the rest of the shaft remain underutilised. The innovative system of assembling RC shafts for elevated water tanks using a slit wall technique was developed to enhance energy dissipation along with the shaft height by introducing slit zones. The comparative nonlinear dynamic analysis between three-dimensional models of elevated water tanks with different shaft diameters and heights was conducted using SAP2000 software. The results of elevated water tanks with slit and solid reinforced concrete shafts were compared. The research findings showed that during a seismic event, the slit zones increased the ductility of the shaft, reduced stress concentration in the lower part of the shaft, and provided uniform stress distribution throughout the shaft's height. The effect of the innovative system is especially noticeable in the elevated water tanks with tall and slender shafts.

Hot water systems are the most frequent environment associated with the prevalence and growth of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). Previous studies identified water heaters as a source of waterborne diseases and concluded that design variables may contribute to their prevalence. A multifaceted approach was used to investigate the vertical stratification of the microbiome and selected OPPPs in an electric water heater tank connected to a home plumbing system simulator. Results show that the microbiome is highly diverse with evidence of temperature stratification and temporal structuring influenced by the partial drainage of the tank. Representatives of the Mycobacterium spp. were the most prevalent taxa, followed by Legionella spp., and a relatively low prevalence of free-living amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis. Higher concentrations of Legionella pneumophila at the bottom of the tank indicated the potential growth and protection of this opportunistic pathogen at this location. Overall, partial drainage of the water tank (60% of the tank capacity) did not significantly mitigate the microbiome and selected OPPPs. The outcome of this study sheds light on the role of vertical stratification on water quality and demonstrates the resilience of the microbial community residing in an electric water heater tank and the implications for public health.

This study investigates the feasibility of integrating a micro-hydropower unit within the inlet pipe of a clean water storage tank to enable energy recovery in urban water supply networks. The Swaya water pumping centre operated by the Mbeya Urban Water and Sanitation Authority (Mbeya-UWSA), Tanzania, was used as a case study. Field measurements, hydraulic analysis, electrical load assessment, and dynamic modelling in MATLAB/Simulink were employed to evaluate system performance under realistic operating conditions. The available flow and head conditions indicate sufficient hydraulic potential to support low-head power generation suitable for auxiliary loads such as lighting, control systems, and small treatment motors. Simulation results demonstrate stable voltage and frequency regulation, effective transient response, and reliable power delivery without compromising water supply performance. Annual energy recovery analysis indicates substantial electricity cost savings, highlighting the economic viability of the proposed system. The findings indicate that integrating micro-hydropower turbines into clean water tank inlet pipes may be technically feasible and economically promising. However, field implementation and experimental validation are required before wider replication in similar urban water supply networks can be confirmed.