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"Water-supply Law and legislation Congresses."
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Legal mechanisms for water resources in the third millennium : select papers from the IWRA XIV and XV World Water Congresses
\"Legal mechanisms for the management, development and protection of water resources have evolved over the years and have reached unprecedented levels of complexity and sophistication. This phenomenon is largely in response to the global community's sustainable development agenda, to the challenges and limitations imposed by climate variability, and to scientific and technological advances. Bringing together diverse experiences from across the world, this book analyses existing water law and governance solutions, their shortcomings, as well as developments and trends in the light of changing circumstances. The legal mechanisms examined range from international treaties, agreements and arrangements on cooperation over transboundary water resources, to the onset of novel issues arising out of technological advances, and from domestic regulation of water abstraction and groundwater management, to domestic regulation of the water industry.\"-- Back cover.
Book
Liquid Relations
Water management plays an increasingly critical role in national and international policy agendas. Growing scarcity, overuse, and pollution, combined with burgeoning demand, have made socio-political and economic conflicts almost unavoidable. Proposals to address water shortages are usually based on two key assumptions: (1) water is a commodity that can be bought and sold and (2) \"states,\" or other centralized entities, should control access to water.Liquid Relationscriticizes these assumptions from a socio-legal perspective. Eleven case studies examine laws, distribution, and irrigation in regions around the world, including the United States, Nepal, Indonesia, Chile, Ecuador, India, and South Africa. In each case, problems are shown to be both ecological and human-made. The essays also consider the ways that gender, ethnicity, and class differences influence water rights and control.In the concluding chapter, the editors draw on the essays' findings to offer an alternative approach to water rights and water governance issues. By showing how issues like water scarcity and competition are embedded in specific resource use and management histories, this volume highlights the need for analyses and solutions that are context-specific rather than universal.
eBook
Water law and cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris region : a comparative and interdisciplinary approach
With a special focus on normative questions of water governance in the relations between Iraq, Syria and Turkey, Water Law and Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris Region: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach examines different issues of management regarding these shared waters.
eBook
The evolution of elite framing following enactment of legislation
The study of policy framing enables the investigation of how elites conceptualize policy issues. While the dominant investigative work on elite framing has been within the mass media, we demonstrate the utility of an elite framing approach in a political institution, the U.S. Congress. We argue for moving to a \"life-cycle\" approach to policy framing that recognizes the evolution of elite framing attempts as implementation of a law deviates from its legislative intent, basing our approach out of the issue-attention cycle theory put forth by Downs (Public Interest 28:38-50, 1972). Framing efforts by policy advocates do not end after legislation has been enacted or policy changed. Elites who have been unsuccessful in achieving their policy aims continue to advocate for their preferred outcomes by altering their framing strategies. We demonstrate this by applying evolutionary factor analysis to investigate 10 Congressional committee hearings held between 1957 and 2006 pertaining to federal funding for the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota. From the perspective of proponents of diverting water from the Missouri River, how the Congressional debate over the Unit progressed constituted policy regression. This is reflected in the evolution of elite framing over the period studied. Our analysis uncovers the emergence of four evolutionary frames. Initial frames emphasized the benefits to be derived from water diversion, while subsequent frames reflected a more defensive posture emphasizing the limited harm that water diversion would cause. This research demonstrates the consequences of legislative implementation delay for elite framing attempts.
Journal Article
How Earth Day Triggered Environmental Rent Seeking
America's first comprehensive federal statutes for protecting air and water quality became law in the early 1970s. When enacted, the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 were administered by the newly created Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA itself was formed in 1970. As regulatory concrete was subsequently poured across the landscape, common-law environmental protection on which forty-nine of the fifty states had relied, along with state and local laws and ordinances, was pushed aside. A command-and-control system was not the only regulatory template Congress considered when the new statutes were constructed. Indeed, before striking the final deal, legislators reviewed the relative merits of a variety of regulatory approaches. These approaches included the use of economic incentives, where fees are charged for the right to discharge; performance standards that set desired outcomes to be enforced without specifying precise ways of getting there; as well as technology-based command and control.
Journal Article
House T&I Democrats Criticize GOP Over Clean Water Act Policies
House Transportation & Infrastructure Committee (T&I) Democrats are using the 44th anniversary of the Clean Water Act (CWA) to tout their new report criticizing Republicans in the lower chamber for both cutting funding to major water programs and pushing bills since 2014 that Democrats warn would weaken the water law.
Journal Article
Perspectives on ecosystem management for the Great Lakes : a reader
In 1978, Canada and the United States concluded an agreement for the protection and enhancement of water quality in the Great Lakes based on the ecosystem approach to management. Since ratification of this agreement, little progress has been made in practical application of this concept to basin-wide management for the Great Lakes. At the same time public concern for the quality of the Great Lakes and their future has risen dramatically. As a result, the need has arisen for a practical, authoritative explanation of the ecosystem concept. This volume, written by highly qualified authorities, addresses these important ecological, political, and economic issues in a systematic and informative manner.In this study, the ecosystem concept and its objectives are defined. The institutional structure that has evolved for governance of the Great Lakes, the need for a more effective governance structure, and prospects for rehabilitation of the Great Lakes Waters are crucial issues considered. The management question is the single most important policy question with respect to the Great Lakes and this is the only study available that brings together all pertinent information and provides steps for new and constructive management of the Great Lakes.
eBook
Environmentalists Fight ‘Wet-Weather’ Bill Backed By Wastewater Utilities
\"The main components of this legislation dismantle some of the basic foundations of the Clean Water Act -- rolling back secondary treatment requirements and encouraging the weakening of water quality standards, effectively creating a shadow version of the Clean Water Act that would apply whenever it rains,\" reads a May 22 letter from the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) to Pat Sinicropi, legislative director for the National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), in opposition to the utility group's \"Wet Weather Community Sustainability Act.\"
Journal Article
Clean water act
The US Congress rewrote the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, now the Clean Water Act, in 1972 to read that \"it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters be eliminated by 1985.\" The purpose and the effectiveness of the act are discussed.
Journal Article