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2,783
result(s) for
"Watts, J"
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Beyond playing 20 questions with nature: Integrative experiment design in the social and behavioral sciences
by
Suchow, Jordan W.
,
Whiting, Mark E.
,
Griffiths, Thomas L.
in
Behavioral Sciences
,
Brunswik, Egon
,
Cronbach, Lee J
2024
The dominant paradigm of experiments in the social and behavioral sciences views an experiment as a test of a theory, where the theory is assumed to generalize beyond the experiment's specific conditions. According to this view, which Alan Newell once characterized as “playing twenty questions with nature,” theory is advanced one experiment at a time, and the integration of disparate findings is assumed to happen via the scientific publishing process. In this article, we argue that the process of integration is at best inefficient, and at worst it does not, in fact, occur. We further show that the challenge of integration cannot be adequately addressed by recently proposed reforms that focus on the reliability and replicability of individual findings, nor simply by conducting more or larger experiments. Rather, the problem arises from the imprecise nature of social and behavioral theories and, consequently, a lack of commensurability across experiments conducted under different conditions. Therefore, researchers must fundamentally rethink how they design experiments and how the experiments relate to theory. We specifically describe an alternative framework, integrative experiment design, which intrinsically promotes commensurability and continuous integration of knowledge. In this paradigm, researchers explicitly map the design space of possible experiments associated with a given research question, embracing many potentially relevant theories rather than focusing on just one. Researchers then iteratively generate theories and test them with experiments explicitly sampled from the design space, allowing results to be integrated across experiments. Given recent methodological and technological developments, we conclude that this approach is feasible and would generate more-reliable, more-cumulative empirical and theoretical knowledge than the current paradigm – and with far greater efficiency.
Journal Article
Conducting behavioral research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk
by
Suri, Siddharth
,
Mason, Winter
in
Behavior
,
Behavioral Research
,
Behavioral Science and Psychology
2012
Amazon’s Mechanical Turk is an online labor market where requesters post jobs and workers choose which jobs to do for pay. The central purpose of this article is to demonstrate how to use this Web site for conducting behavioral research and to lower the barrier to entry for researchers who could benefit from this platform. We describe general techniques that apply to a variety of types of research and experiments across disciplines. We begin by discussing some of the advantages of doing experiments on Mechanical Turk, such as easy access to a large, stable, and diverse subject pool, the low cost of doing experiments, and faster iteration between developing theory and executing experiments. While other methods of conducting behavioral research may be comparable to or even better than Mechanical Turk on one or more of the axes outlined above, we will show that when taken as a whole Mechanical Turk can be a useful tool for many researchers. We will discuss how the behavior of workers compares with that of experts and laboratory subjects. Then we will illustrate the mechanics of putting a task on Mechanical Turk, including recruiting subjects, executing the task, and reviewing the work that was submitted. We also provide solutions to common problems that a researcher might face when executing their research on this platform, including techniques for conducting synchronous experiments, methods for ensuring high-quality work, how to keep data private, and how to maintain code security.
Journal Article
The Structure of a Social Science Collaboration Network: Disciplinary Cohesion from 1963 to 1999
2004
Has sociology become more socially integrated over the last 30 years? Recent work in the sociology of knowledge demonstrates a direct linkage between social interaction patterns and the structure of ideas, suggesting that scientific collaboration networks affect scientific practice. I test three competing models for sociological collaboration networks and find that a structurally cohesive core that has been growing steadily since the early 1960s characterizes the discipline's coauthorship network. The results show that participation in the sociology collaboration network depends on research specialty and that quantitative work is more likely to be coauthored than non-quantitative work. However, structural embeddedness within the network core given collaboration is largely unrelated to specialty area. This pattern is consistent with a loosely overlapping specialty structure that has potentially integrative implications for theoretical development in sociology.
Journal Article
GENERAȚII ȘI TRANSFORMĂRI
2025
Arta multifațetată a recon-strucției adevărului istoric și talentul refexiv al panoramărilor alternative sunt doar câteva dintre atributele speciale ale scriiturii is-torice specifce autorului american, iar temele predilecte ale acestuia vorbesc despre tranzițiile politice și culturale ce au modelat lumea mediteraneană. Perspectiva generațională este alcătuită dintr-o multidimen-sională explorare atât a politicilor și legilor imperiale ce reglementau nascentul Imperiu Creștin Roman, cât și a vieților și operelor unor voci proeminente ale elitei romane administrative: profesorul de reto¬rică antiohian Libanios(314-392), consilierul flozofc al împăraților și prim recrutor al Senatului de la Constatinopol, Temistios (317-388), profesorul eminent și auto¬rul creștin Ausonius (310-395) și prefectul urban al Romei, în-altul hierofant Vettius Agorius Praetextatus (315-384). Istoriile recompuse cronologic și integrate în prefaceri și mai extinse ajung să articuleze surprinzător realitatea celor trecute: \"Secolul al IV-lea a ajuns să fe văzut ca epoca în care creștinismul a eclipsat păgânismul, iar structurile de autoritate creș-tine au subminat instituțiile tradi-ționale ale statului roman. Ca reprezen-tantă a establishment-ului admi-nistrativ, această ultimă generație păgână se confgureaza a fi atât profund conformistă și apărătoare a unei toleranțe de stat a religiilor, cât și una cu o carență majoră de imaginație critică ce ar f ajutat la conștientizarea dezagregării po-litico-culturale emanată de noile structuri de autoritate ale Bisericii Creștine. Iată de exemplu un salt economic suferit de Biserică în acest interval: \"Până în anii 370, marile biserici urbane controlau portofolii de proprietăți atât de mari, încât episcopii din clasa de mijloc de la sfârșitul secolului al III-lea și începutul secolului al IV-lea nu mai aveau experiența administrativă necesară pentru a le administra fnanțele. Opera hagiogra-fcă a lui Athanasie din Alexandria despre viața sfântului Antonie (Vita Antonii) devine un text a că-rei infuență va face ravagii în cer-curile studioase și formatoare ale elitei din centrele urbane: \"Inițial, imperiul pare să nu f anticipat provocările pe care le reprezentau aceste noi tipuri de episcopi și as-ceți. Încă de la sfârșitul secolului al III-lea, împărații s-au străduit să găsească modalități de a folosi mai efcient numărul mare de membri talentați ai elitei provinciale. Falia dintre conformiștii tradiționaliști păgâni și mai tinerii lor oponenți prozeliți cretini nu devine evidentă decât odat ș cu po-liticile explicite ale unor împărați precum Constanțiu, Valentinian II, Grațian sau Teodosie: \"În cele din urmă, sistemul a diminuat sprijinul practic pentru reformele religioase ale lui Iulian în același mod în care atenuase opoziția față de politicile antipăgâne ale lui Constanțiu.
Journal Article