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In a bold reappraisal, Katherine Epstein uncovers the origins of the \"military-industrial complex\" not in the Cold War but in the decades before WWI, as the United States and Great Britain struggled to perfect a crucial new weapon: the self-propelled torpedo. Torpedo R&D sparked intellectual property battles that reshaped national security law.

The development of equipment research projects is replete with uncertainties, complicating the provision of accurate and objective evaluations of their development costs. To enhance the precision of cost predictions for such projects, it is critical to assess and integrate the cost‐risk level. This study introduces an improved two‐dimensional cloud model (TDCM) that effectively integrates qualitative concepts and quantitative data for analyzing equipment projects. First, the principal factors influencing cost are thoroughly evaluated, and an assessment index system is structured with three primary and twelve secondary indicators. The probability of budget overrun and its impact are designated as the primary variables for assessing each indicator, aligning with the definition of cost risk. Second, this research merges the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) with the criteria importance though intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method, employing coalitional game theory to ascertain the weights of each assessment indicator. Third, a TDCM is developed to derive cloud eigenvalues, and a two‐dimensional cloud diagram is constructed through MATLAB to preliminarily ascertain the risk level, with the degree of nearness subsequently calculated to refine these results. Fourth, each indicator in the assessment system is treated as a node to construct a Bayesian network (BN) based on logical relationships, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify sensitive indicators. Fifth, the development of a specific mine countermeasure (MCM) weapon system is examined as a case study, incorporating relevant existing data into the improved model. The validity and feasibility of the model are corroborated by comparing it with traditional methods. The results affirm that the enhanced TDCM effectively navigates the ambiguity and randomness inherent in cost‐risk assessment data, providing a reference for similar scientific research projects.

American Arsenal examines the United States' transformation from isolationist state to military superpower by means of sixteen vignettes, each focusing upon an inventor and his contribution to the cause. Beginning with Thomas Edison's developments of WWI submarine technology, and ending with Neal Blue, chairman of General Atomics, and his manufacturing of the drone, Patirck Coffey traces the story of each advance, from drawing board to use in the field.

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When President Eisenhower referred to the \"military-industrial complex\" in his 1961 Farewell Address, he summed up in a phrase the merger of government and industry that dominated the Cold War United States. In this bold reappraisal, Katherine Epstein uncovers the origins of the military-industrial complex in the decades preceding World War I, as the United States and Great Britain struggled to perfect a crucial new weapon: the self-propelled torpedo. Torpedoes threatened to upend the delicate balance among the world's naval powers, they were bought and sold in a global marketplace, and they were cutting-edge industrial technologies. But building them required substantial capital investments and close collaboration among scientists, engineers, businessmen, and naval officers. To address these formidable challenges, the U.S. and British navies created a new procurement paradigm: instead of buying finished armaments from the private sector or developing them from scratch at public expense, they began to invest in private-sector research and development. The inventions emerging from torpedo R&D sparked legal battles over intellectual property rights that reshaped national security law.Torpedoblends military, legal, and business history with the history of science and technology to recast our understanding of defense contracting and the demands of modern warfare.

This paper explores the assimilation gap, the gap between the acquisition of a technology and its deployment, in higher education teaching. The relevant literature covers three themes: technology diffusion, the technology acceptance model and task-technology fit. To explore the significance of these models to a teaching environment case study research was undertaken within a university college in north-west England. Using an ethnographic approach, with semi-structured interviews, lecturers' attitudes to the adoption of ICT were surfaced. Then the data collected was analysed by categorising the findings. One technique used to present these findings is the translation of the dialogue of each respondent into another character. This defamiliarised the taken for granted aspects of the informants' response. Using this method respondents were categorised using two metaphors suggesting that staff can be classified within two different cultures. The first metaphor is that of the Frontier where the adoption of ICT is seen as an exploration and the discourse used relates to the relativedesire for adoptionof ICT. The second metaphor is that of the Frontline where the view of ICT adoption centres on attack and defence and the discourse relates to the differences in the perceivedease of adoption.

Innovation, Organizational Change and Technology, edited by Ian McLoughlin and Martin Harris, is reviewed.