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Prior to the nineteenth century and the advent of the heat pump, refrigeration was a major challenge. Historically, societies have used evaporation of water from porous media or subsurface burial to keep items cool. Alternatively, they may be harvested and stored river or lake ice, formed in winter, in special subterranean or insulated ice houses or ice wells. In the nineteenth century, there were thriving ice export industries from north‐eastern United States and Norway, to the United Kingdom, the Caribbean and even India. The first working compression–expansion refrigerator (or heat pump) was built by Jacob Perkins in the 1830s. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) first proposed using heat pumps for space heating in 1852. The ground source heat pump was patented in 1912, but the first systems were probably not constructed until the 1930s or 1940s. In 2010, worldwide installed direct geothermal capacity was believed to be at least 50 GW th , with ground source heat pumps comprising 35 GW th .

[C. Eugene Webber] YORK C. Eugene Webber, 79, died Wed., Sept. 15, 2004 at his residence.

Hollywood would do a lot better by offering prizes for the next creator of a \"Dances With Wolves,\" a \"River Runs Through It,\" a \"Chariots of Fire,\" a \"Mission\" or a \"Last of the Mohicans\" rather than making it an understood given, as it appears to be among film students,...