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The Indian textile sourcebook : patterns and techniques
\"Indian textile designs express dazzling inventiveness and creativity, from the woven silks of royalty to the simple block-printed patterns. This authoritative sourcebook overflows with colour and patterns to inspire and inform. The introduction gives an overview of Indian textiles, including methods by which they were made and their intended uses. The book is divided into three chapters defined by pattern style: Florals, Figurative and Geometric. Each comprises an introduction to the style's history, and demonstrates the techniques of structure, surface and embellishment patterning. A wealth of cross-referencing by theme and process makes this a uniquely useful resource. Over 300 breathtaking and hugely varied designs are examined here in detail through close-up shots of the pattern and material alongside a thoughtful examination of the reverse of many fabrics, demonstrating different weaving techniques so that the reader can see precisely how the textile was made.\" -- V&A website.
Book
An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites
There are various manufacturing processes for the interlacement of yarns to produce three-dimensional (3D) fabric structures as preforms for textile composites. The manufacturing route is determined by the end-use of composites and therefore the composite industry does not solely rely on one method but a selection of methods for fabric formation. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive overview on fabrication methods that can be used for making 3D textile woven preforms for composites. There are many different views on what 3D woven fabrics are, but one common understanding is that 3D fabrics must have substantial dimension in the thickness direction formed by layers of fabrics or yarns. In this paper we classify 3D woven textiles into those that can be manufactured on the conventional weaving technology and those that require specially made weaving machines/devices. This paper attempts to provide useful information for both the textile and composite engineers in developing textile composites for advanced applications.
Journal Article
Design and Biomechanical Finite Element Analysis of Spatial Weaving Infracalcaneal Fixator System
Objective Traditional internal fixation of calcaneus fractures, involving lateral L‐shaped incisions and plate fixation, has disadvantages such as increased operative exposure, eccentric plate fixation, and complications. The aim of this study was to design a Spatial Weaving Intra‐calcaneal Fixator System (SWIFS) for the treatment of complex calcaneal fractures and to compare its biomechanical properties with those of traditional calcaneal plates. Methods The computed tomography (CT) data of the normal adult calcaneus was used for modeling, and the largest trapezoidal column structure was cut and separated from the model and related parameters were measured. The SWIFS was designed within the target trapezoid, according to the characteristics of the fracture of the calcaneus. The Sanders model classification type IV calcaneal fracture was established in finite element software, and fixation with calcaneal plate and the SWIFS examined. Overall structural strength distribution and displacement in the two groups were compared. Results The maximum 3D trapezoidal column in the calcaneus was constructed, and the dimensions were measured. The SWIFS and the corresponding guide device were successfully designed. In the one‐legged erect position state, the SWIFS group exhibited a peak von Mises equivalent stress of 96.00 MPa, a maximum displacement of 0.31 mm, and a structural stiffness of 2258.06 N/mm. The conventional calcaneal plate showed a peak von Mises equivalent stress of 228.66 Mpa, a maximum displacement of 1.26 mm, and a structural stiffness of 555.56 N/mm. The SWIFS group exhibited a 75.40% decrease in displacement and a 306.45% increase in stiffness. Conclusion Compared with fixation by conventional calcaneal plate, the SWIFS provides better structural stability and effective stress distribution.
Journal Article
Effect of process parameters on root pass welding and analysis of microstructure in V-groove pulsed gas metal arc welding for mild steel
This study performed root pass welding with a V-groove using a pulsed gas metal arc welding process for mild steel. Welding process parameters such as weaving, root gap size, and travel speed were major factors in the formation of the back-bead. A high-speed camera and a synchronized data acquisition system captured dynamic molten pool images and welding signals (current and voltage) simultaneously. The back-bead shape differed depending on the root gap opening. Without a root gap, the accumulated molten pool created a cushion effect in the arc center which reduced the momentum of downward flow. In contrast, the back-bead depth could be formed with a root gap opening (1 mm, 2 mm), but the back-bead shapes were different from each other at different travel speeds. The back-bead shapes also varied depending on the weaving conditions. Despite the same amount of heat input, the microstructures also varied depending on the weaving. The microstructures in the heat-affected zone with weaving were mixed with ferrite and pearlite. However, the microstructures in the heat-affected zone without weaving mainly consisted of coarse bainite. Acicular ferrite with some amount of grain boundary ferrite dominated in the weld metal in all cases.
Journal Article
Magnetic weft insertion for weaving machines
The common methods of weft insertion in weaving machines are shuttle, rapier, air jet, water jet and projectile insertion. During weft insertion in the weaving process, a variety of demands are to be fulfilled. Besides transportation of the weft yarn, three of the most relevant demands are energy efficiency, productivity and flexibility. These demands are only partially met by the common methods of weft insertion. This paper describes the investigation of a novel method of weft insertion, which combines the advantages of common insertion methods whilst avoiding their deficits. The developed weft insertion is based on the principle of a magnetic force for the controlled transport of the weft yarn. The new method allows a potential energy saving of about 60% compared to a conventional air jet weaving machine. At the same time, industrially experienced weft insertion rates of about 2000 m/min are within reach.
Journal Article
Geometrical design and forming analysis of three-dimensional woven node structures
Structural frames have been established in many technical applications and typically consist of interconnected profiles. The profiles are commonly joined with node elements. For lightweight structures, the use of composite node elements is expedient. Due to the anisotropic mechanical properties of the fibers, high demands are placed on the orientation of the fibers in the textile reinforcement structure. A continuous fiber course around the circumference and at the junctions is necessary for an excellent force transmission. A special binding and forming process was developed based on the weaving technology. It allows the production of near-net-shaped node elements with branches in any spatial direction, which meet the requirements of load-adjusted fiber orientation. The principles by which these three-dimensional (3D) node elements are converted into a suitable geometry for weaving as a net shape multilayer fabric are reported. The intersections of the branches are described mathematically and flattened to a plane. This is the basis for the weave pattern development. Forming simulations on the macro- and meso-scales complement the analyses. A macro-scale model based on the finite element method (FEM) is used to verify the general formability and the accuracy of the flattenings. Since yarns are pulled through the textile structure in the novel forming process, the required tensile forces and the pulling lengths of the individual yarns are analyzed with a meso-scale FEM model. The flattening for two different node structures is realized successfully, and the simulation proves formability. Furthermore, the necessary forming forces are determined. Finally, the developed method for flattening the 3D geometry is suitable for the design of a variety of spatial node structures and the simulation supports the design of automated forming processes.
Journal Article
A weaving machine for three-dimensional Kagome reinforcements
Two-dimensional or three-dimensional (3D) textiles have been used as reinforcement in composite materials. Most techniques for weaving 3D textiles have been developed to obtain a compact preform so that the final product, the fiber-reinforced composite, has a high volume fraction of fibers with the least fraction of matrix for high strength. Contrarily, this article describes a novel technique for weaving a loose 3D preform called wire-woven bulk Kagome with polymer wires or threads. Firstly, the principle is explained by using a manual loom. A weaving machine is then designed with detailed mechanisms and its prototype is presented. Finally, the benefit, shortcomings, and future plans are discussed.
Journal Article
Selection of appropriate e-textile structure manufacturing process prior to sensor integration using AHP
A combined two-staged analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was proposed with respect to its compatibility in selection of e-textile architecture. Specifically, it was examined in its ability to support decision in determination of appropriate e-textile structures prior to sensor integration. The e-textile structure selection methodology for sensor integration was implemented by interviewing with the experts from the fields of textiles and electronics; hence, it was constructed as two-staged methodology including both experimental study and AHP. In this respect, different e-textile structures including transmission lines containing 15 different conductive yarn types with three different weave types were manufactured via weaving technology in the first stage as experimental part of the methodology, and then, in the second stage, the alternatives based on experimental study were evaluated using AHP. The comparisons were made using priority scales assigned by expert team and synthesized to get aggregated global ratings. In conclusion, appropriate e-textile structures based on weaving manufacturing technology for sensor integration were chosen using AHP technique by ranking alternatives.
Journal Article
Technology Development for Direct Weaving of Complex 3D Nodal Structures
Lightweight structures constitute an eminently important solution to the conservation of limited resources of energy in aeronautics and vehicle engineering. The increasing necessity to implement lightweight construction concepts for framework structures due to their vast application makes requirement-adapted node structures attractive for fiber-reinforced plastic composites (FRPC) components. Although the use of FRPC for framework structures is well-established by now, the node structures are still mostly made from aluminum or titanium, which results in additional costs and limits the achievable mass reduction. Hence solutions for FRPC node structures have to be developed. The aim of this work is the development and implementation of a productive, automated manufacturing technology based on the weaving process for complex node structures based on carbon fiber for automotive and aeronautics applications. The development of the woven concept for the realization of node structures is based on the fragmentation of the individual sub-elements. The sub-elements are virtually unwound into the layer and positioned one above the other. The warp threads are floated in the areas where the individual levels do not touch. The node structures are produced on the conventional weaving loom by flattening and weaving them as multi-surface woven fabrics in one piece. The tube profiles are produced seamlessly, and the connection points between the tubes are jointless. By pulling the warp yarns in one branch through the structure, the gap is closed and the 3D geometry is formed. The defined pulling of the warp yarns is the main component of this publication. This new technology allows for the weaving of complex, integrated node structures with multi-directional spatial branching without subsequent assembly requirements. These newly developed node structures show great potential for lightweight construction applications. They can be manufactured with good reproducibility and a high degree of automation. The results of this work indicate an enormous potential of the weaving technique for the cost effective manufacture of integrally designed, woven 3D semi-finished products for FRPC. Typical applications for node structures include stringers and floor frames in airplanes, machine components, car frame parts, such as A-, B-, or C-pillars.
Journal Article