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Observing the spatial heterogeneities of NO2 air pollution is an important first step in quantifying NOX emissions and exposures. This study investigates the capabilities of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) in observing the spatial and temporal patterns of NO2 pollution in the continental United States. The unprecedented sensitivity of the sensor can differentiate the fine‐scale spatial heterogeneities in urban areas, such as emissions related to airport/shipping operations and high traffic, and the relatively small emission sources in rural areas, such as power plants and mining operations. We then examine NO2 columns by day‐of‐the‐week and find that Saturday and Sunday concentrations are 16% and 24% lower respectively, than during weekdays. We also analyze the correlation of daily maximum 2‐m temperatures and NO2 column amounts and find that NO2 is larger on the hottest days (>32°C) as compared to warm days (26°C–32°C), which is in contrast to a general decrease in NO2 with increasing temperature at moderate temperatures. Finally, we demonstrate that a linear regression fit of 2019 annual TROPOMI NO2 data to annual surface‐level concentrations yields relatively strong correlation (R2 = 0.66). These new developments make TROPOMI NO2 satellite data advantageous for policymakers and public health officials, who request information at high spatial resolution and short timescales, in order to assess, devise, and evaluate regulations. Plain Language Summary Nitrogen oxides are a group of air pollutants released after fossil fuel combustion. A constituent of nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), can be observed by satellite instruments due to its chemical properties. In this project, we average together images of NO2 pollution gathered by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument satellite instrument over the United States in order to better determine the spatial distribution of NO2 air pollution. We find that this newest satellite instrument can observe air pollution with unprecedented clarity, similar to how HDTV is an advancement over regular TV. For example, we quantify pollution near individual airports, shipping areas, and major interstates; previous satellite instruments were unable to quantify air pollution with this type of precision. We also average the satellite data over different intervals to better determine cycles of air pollution. We find that NO2 air pollution is 16% lower on Saturdays and 24% lower on Sundays. Additionally, we find that NO2 pollution is larger on the hottest summer days as compared to typical summer days. These developments demonstrate how this new satellite instrument can advantageous for policymakers and health officials, who request information at high spatial resolution and short timescales, in order to assess, devise, and evaluate regulations Key Points The high instrument sensitivity of Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) can measure NO2 pollution with unprecedented clarity compared to predecessor instruments We can now quantify pollution hotspots within cities such as those related to airport/shipping operations and high traffic areas Annual column NO2 observed by TROPOMI has good correlation (R2 = 0.66) with EPA surface observations without any surface‐to‐column conversion

Weekend readmissions have been previously associated with increased mortality after pancreatic resection, but the effect of weekend discharge is less understood. In this study, we aim to determine the impact of weekend discharges on 30-day readmission rate after pancreatic surgery. All patients who underwent pancreatic surgery at a single, high-volume institution between 2013 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed from a targeted, institutional ACS-NSQIP database. Patients who died prior to discharge were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between readmission and weekend discharge. Out of 2042 patients who underwent pancreatectomy, 418 patients (20.5%) were discharged on the weekend. Weekend discharge was associated with fewer Whipple surgeries, fewer open surgical approaches, and shorter operative time. Patients discharged on the weekend were also less likely to have had postoperative complications such as delayed gastric emptying (DGE) (6.7% vs 12.6%, p < 0.01) and were more frequently discharged to home (91.1% vs. 85.3%, p < 0.01). Thirty-day readmission rate was almost identical between groups (14.8% vs 14.8%, p = 0.997). On multivariable analysis, 30-day readmission was independently associated with DGE (OR (95% CI): 3.48 (2.31–5.23), p < 0.01), postoperative pancreatic fistula (3.36 (2.34–4.83), p < 0.01), myocardial infarction, and perioperative blood transfusion, but not weekend discharge (1.02 (0.72–1.43), p = 0.93). Readmission rate also did not differ significantly when including Friday discharges in the weekend group (15.2% vs 14.6%, p = 0.72). With careful clinical decision making, patients may safely be discharged on the weekend after pancreatic surgery without increasing 30-day readmission rate.

We aimed to identify structural and functional changes in healthy adults with catch‐up sleep (CUS), we applied seed‐based functional connectivity (FC) analysis using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that deficits in reward processing could be a fundamental mechanism underlying the motivation of taking CUS. Then, 55 healthy adults voluntarily (34 with CUS and 21 without CUS) participated in this study. Voxel‐based morphometry was performed to explore region of gray matter volume (GMV) difference between CUS and non‐CUS groups. Between‐group comparison of FC was then carried out using resting‐state functional MRI analysis seeding at the region of volume difference. Moreover, the region of volume difference and the strength of FC were correlated with scores of questionnaires for reward‐seeking behavior and clinical variables. CUS group had a higher reward‐seeking tendency, and increased GMV in the bilateral nucleus accumbens and right superior frontal gyrus relative to non‐CUS group. FC analysis seeding at the bilateral accumbens revealed increases of FC in the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex in CUS group compared to non‐CUS group. The questionnaire scores reflecting the reward‐seeking tendency were correlated with the FC strength between bilateral accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. Our results indicate that CUS is associated with reward‐seeking tendency and increased GMV and FC in regions responsible for reward network. Our findings suggest that enhanced reward network could be the crucial mechanism underlying taking CUS and might be implicated in the detrimental effects of circadian misalignment. Adults with weekend catch‐up sleep (CUS) were found to be associated with reward‐seeking tendency and increased gray matter volume and functional connectivity in regions responsible for reward network. Enhanced reward network could be the crucial mechanism underlying taking CUS and might be implicated in the detrimental effects of circadian misalignment.

INTRODUCTION Healthy sleep may support cognitive health, but the role of weekend catch‐up sleep is unclear. METHODS Among 83,776 dementia‐free UK Biobank participants aged ≥50 years, sleep duration was estimated from 7‐day accelerometer data (2013–2015). Weekend catch‐up sleep was defined as the weekend–weekday sleep duration difference. Cox regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all‐cause dementia associated with weekend catch‐up sleep. RESULTS During follow‐up (median: 8.0 years), 713 participants developed all‐cause dementia. Compared with ≤0.5 h, HRs for all‐cause dementia across catch‐up sleep categories were 0.91 (0.74–1.11) for > 0.5–1 h, 0.64 (0.49–0.86) for > 1–1.5 h, 0.84 (0.60–1.16) for > 1.5–2 h, and 0.83 (0.60–1.16) for > 2 h. The association was stronger among participants with weekday sleep < 8 h (HR: 0.49, 0.29–0.81 for > 1–1.5 h) but non‐significant in those with ≥8 h (p‐interaction = 0.039). DISCUSSION Moderate weekend catch‐up sleep was linked to lower dementia risk, especially among individuals with less weekday sleep. Highlights In this prospective cohort study, moderate accelerometer‐measured weekend catch‐up sleep was linked to a reduced risk of dementia, with 1–1.5 h associated with the lowest risk. The relation was more pronounced in participants with weekday sleep duration < 8 h/day, but non‐significant among those with a longer weekday sleep. Similar associations were observed across the subgroups stratified by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.

Background The impact of a “weekend effect” on US acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mortality remains uncertain. We compared weekend and weekday age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) and analyzed demographic, geographic, and temporal trends from 1999 to 2020. Methods We conducted a national analysis of ACS deaths (age ≥ 25 years) using CDC WONDER (ICD‐10: I20.0; I21.0–I21.4; I21.9; I22.0–I22.9; I24.8; I24.9). Crude and AAMRs (per 100 000; 2000 U.S. standard) were calculated, and trends were assessed by joinpoint regression to estimate annual percent changes (APCs) and average APCs (AAPCs). Results From 1999 to 2020, there were 3, 101, 451 ACS deaths: 2, 222, 468 on weekdays (AAMR 46.4; 95% CI 46.39–46.51) and 878, 983 on weekends (AAMR 18.4), a 2.5:1 ratio. Both periods saw two‐phase declines—APCs of ≈ –6.4%/year before 2009–2010 and –3.3 to –3.7%/year thereafter (all p <  0.001). Disparities persisted: Black adults had the highest AAMRs (20.9 weekend; 53.2 weekday), rural rates exceeded urban (28.7 vs. 15.8; 72.0 vs. 40.2), men exceeded women (23.8 vs. 14.0; 60.2 vs. 35.4), and rates rose steeply with age (weekend 0.3–223.0; weekday 0.7–561.0). After 2009, declines slowed, and weekday deaths in Black adults rose after 2018. Conclusions The weekend effect on ACS mortality is minimal, with weekday deaths far outnumbering weekend deaths. Persistent—and sometimes widening—disparities by race, rurality, sex, and age highlight the need for equity‐focused interventions, strengthened rural cardiac care, and targeted prevention.

There is not much evidence about how diet strictness during weekends and holidays influence long-term weight loss maintenance. Our aim was to examine how dieting more or less strictly during weekends and holidays (vs. weekdays and non-holiday periods) influence weight loss maintenance. Participants (n = 108) from the Portuguese Weight Control Registry indicated whether they had a more or less strict diet regimen during weekends compared to weekdays. A similar question about holiday and non-holiday period’ diet regimen was answered. Weight and height were measured at baseline and 1y follow-up. A 3% maximum weight variation defined participants as “non-regainers”. General level on dieting strictness on weekends vs. weekdays (r = − 0.28, p < 0.01) and holidays vs. non-holidays (r = − 0.33, p < 0.001) predicted 1y weight change. Participants who reported being less strict on weekends (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15–0.81) were more likely to be non-regainers when compared with the ones who reported being more strict on weekends. Non-significant results were found during holidays (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.20–1.09). Adopting a less strict diet regimen during weekends, when compared to weekdays, was a behavioral strategy associated with long-term weight management in our sample.

IntroductionThe weekend effect occurs as a result of the failure of healthcare provision to improve processes of care, including ensuring 24/7 access to life-saving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as echocardiography in patients with heart failure (HF). Increased mortality has been linked to weekend patient admissions globally thus it is important to understand its impact on HF patients and subsequently the changes that can be implemented to improve quality of care for weekend admissions.MethodsA retrospective study of consecutive admissions with HF as first diagnostic position in Blackpool Victoria Hospital from 1st August 2019 to 31st January 2021, with admission time and date recorded. Normal working hours is defined as 9am to 5pm during weekdays except UK Bank holidays. The primary endpoint was index episode mortality. Secondary endpoints were readmission within 60 days and the composite endpoint of death and readmission within 60 days of admission.Results:609 patients were admitted with HF. 426 of these patients were admitted on a weekday, whilst 183 were admitted on the weekend or bank holiday. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the 2 cohorts [Table 1]Thirty-eight patients (8.9%) admitted during the weekday died. By contrast, 9 of 183 (4.9%) patients admitted during the weekend or bank holiday died [p=0.099]. Significantly higher proportion of weekday admitted patients experienced the composite endpoint of death and readmission within 60 days of admission (38% vs 27%, p=0.014). Death within 60 days after admission was also significantly higher for weekday admissions [79 patients (19%) vs 21 patients (11%) (p=0.031)]. Readmission within 60 days was also significantly higher after weekday admission [108 (25%) vs 32 (17%), p=0.037]. There is no significant difference between the 2 cohorts in appropriate use of disease modifying drugs. There is no difference in the number of echocardiogram performed within 48 hours of admission (weekday admission: n=150, 35%; weekend/bank holiday: n=65, 36%; p>0.99). If the echocardiogram was not completed within 48 hours, the median number of days it took for patients admitted on both the weekday and the weekend to get the echocardiogram was 4 days [weekday admission: 4 days, interquartile range (IQR) 4–6 days; weekend admission: 4 days, IQR 3–5 days), p=0.039].Abstract 110 Figure 1Abstract 110 Figure 2Abstract 110 Table 1ConclusionSurvival and readmission outcomes were surprisingly better in patients who were admitted over the weekend or bank holiday vs weekday. Future multicentre studies are merited to better understand the weekend effect and its impact on the care of HF patientsConflict of InterestNone

Abstract Study Objective Attempting to recover a sleep debt by extending sleep over the weekend is a common compensatory behavior in the population and is recommended by sleep-focused organizations. However, the purported benefits of catch-up sleep are based on a limited number of cross-sectional studies that relied on self-reported sleep. The objective of this study was to examine the association between accelerometer-derived weekend catch-up sleep and mortality and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults. Methods A prospective cohort study of UK adults who wore wrist-attached accelerometers was conducted. Weekend catch-up sleep was defined as a longer average sleep duration on weekends compared to weekdays. Participants were categorized into four groups: no weekend catch-up sleep (reference); > 0 to < 1 hour; ≥ 1 to < 2 hours; and ≥ 2 hours difference. Associations between weekend catch-up sleep and mortality and incident CVD were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for potential confounders. Results A total of 73 513 participants (sample for mortality) and 70 518 participants (sample for CVD incidence) were included, with an average (SD) follow-up period of 8.0 (0.9) years. In multivariable-adjusted models, weekend catch-up sleep was not associated with mortality (≥ 2 hours group: hazard ratio [HR], 1.17 [95% CI: 0.97 to 1.41]) or incident CVD (HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.94 to 1.18]). Dose–response analyses treating catch-up sleep as a continuous measure or analyses restricted to adults sleeping less than 6 hours on weekdays at baseline were in agreement with these findings. Conclusions Weekend catch-up sleep was not associated with mortality or CVD incidence. These findings do not align with previous evidence and recommendations by sleep authorities suggesting that extending sleep over the weekend may offer protective health benefits. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

Purpose The Structured Days Hypothesis (SDH) posits that children’s behaviors associated with obesity – such as physical activity – are more favorable on days that contain more ‘structure’ (i.e., a pre-planned, segmented, and adult-supervised environment) such as school weekdays, compared to days with less structure, such as weekend days. The purpose of this study was to compare children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels on weekdays versus weekend days using a large, multi-country, accelerometer-measured physical activity dataset. Methods Data were received from the International Children’s Accelerometer Database (ICAD) July 2019. The ICAD inclusion criteria for a valid day of wear, only non-intervention data (e.g., baseline intervention data), children with at least 1 weekday and 1 weekend day, and ICAD studies with data collected exclusively during school months, were included for analyses. Mixed effects models accounting for the nested nature of the data (i.e., days within children) assessed MVPA minutes per day (min/day MVPA) differences between weekdays and weekend days by region/country, adjusted for age, sex, and total wear time. Separate meta-analytical models explored differences by age and country/region for sex and child weight-status. Results/findings Valid data from 15 studies representing 5794 children (61% female, 10.7 ± 2.1 yrs., 24% with overweight/obesity) and 35,263 days of valid accelerometer data from 5 distinct countries/regions were used. Boys and girls accumulated 12.6 min/day (95% CI: 9.0, 16.2) and 9.4 min/day (95% CI: 7.2, 11.6) more MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days, respectively. Children from mainland Europe had the largest differences (17.1 min/day more MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days, 95% CI: 15.3, 19.0) compared to the other countries/regions. Children who were classified as overweight/obese or normal weight/underweight accumulated 9.5 min/day (95% CI: 6.9, 12.2) and 10.9 min/day (95% CI: 8.3, 13.5) of additional MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days, respectively. Conclusions Children from multiple countries/regions accumulated significantly more MVPA on weekdays versus weekend days during school months. This finding aligns with the SDH and warrants future intervention studies to prioritize less-structured days, such as weekend days, and to consider providing opportunities for all children to access additional opportunities to be active.

Abstract Study Objectives To investigate the association between weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) and the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)—a serum inflammatory maker—in adults Methods Data of 5,506 adults aged 19 years or older were obtained from the nationwide cross-sectional Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 2016. Serum hsCRP level, weekday and weekend sleep durations, and sociodemographic and health-related characteristics were assessed. Participants whose weekend sleep duration was more than 1 h longer than their weekday sleep duration were included in the WCS group. hsCRP level was categorized into quartiles (i.e. highest, middle-high, middle-low, and lowest). Obesity was defined by body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Results The WCS group included 1,901 participants (34.5%). In the logistic regression analysis controlling for all variables, adults in the WCS group were significantly less likely to show the highest hsCRP level (versus the lowest level) compared with those without WCS in the complete sample (adjusted odds ratio = 0.795, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.662 to 0.955). In a subgroup analysis, this association was significant only for those with weekday sleep duration of 6 h or lower. Longer WCS (≥3 h) was not associated with hsCRP levels. Non-obese people with WCS demonstrated a lower risk for high hsCRP levels, while there was no significant difference in obese people with WCS. Conclusions Our findings indicate that WCS may be beneficial for low-grade systemic inflammation in adults, particularly among those with shorter weekday sleep durations. WCS may also interact with obesity.