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Subjective well-being (SWB) varies within a person. However, even though previous studies have paid attention to why people with a more proactive personality have higher SWB, they have ignored how proactive personality influences an individual’s state SWB using a within-person approach. According to the time perspective, we propose that proactive personality positively influences an individual’s weekly SWB. Moreover, we propose that weekly rumination, weekly mindfulness, and weekly future optimism—which represent the past, present, and future time perspective, respectively—mediate the relationship between proactive personality and weekly SWB. Using a multilevel model, including 97 people and 388 within-person data points, we found that proactive personality positively influences an individual’s weekly SWB. Only the mediation of weekly future optimism underlying this relationship was supported. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

Traditional remote sensing techniques are limited in providing the necessary spatial and temporal resolution to capture the reservoir dynamics accurately. In this study, we introduce a novel algorithm to generate sub‐weekly reservoir surface area time series using the Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel‐2 data set across the Continental United States. Our approach addresses common challenges (e.g., cloud contaminations) by integrating a Random Forest classification model with a refined image enhancement algorithm. Validation results against in situ data from 240 reservoirs indicate a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98) and relatively low bias (<10%), therefore demonstrating its robustness across reservoirs of varying sizes and climatic conditions. This method not only captures sub‐weekly surface area changes, but also provides richer temporal information compared to existing monthly data sets. This enhanced temporal resolution is useful for applications such as reservoir management, hydropower generation, and our overall understanding the transient nature of reservoir dynamics.

Weekly cycles (WCs) in cloud properties have been reported and linked to aerosol effects. Yet the extent to which human activities contribute to their occurrence remains unclear. Here, we revisit aerosol–cloud interactions from the WCs over central Europe using long‐term satellite and reanalysis data. Significant WCs in aerosol and cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) are detected with minima/maxima on Monday/Friday, indicating a clear signal of the Twomey effect. Notably, Nd–to–aerosol sensitivity from WCs is found to decrease at larger aerosol concentrations, confirming the nonlinear behavior of the aerosol–Nd relation (in log–log space) reported previously, but from a distinct perspective. Nevertheless, no discernible WCs in liquid water path are found. The pronounced WCs in cloud cover are demonstrated to be driven by natural variability. Our results indicate that the WCs offer a useful pathway for investigating the Twomey effect, but are not as effective for detecting cloud adjustments. Plain Language Summary Aerosol–cloud interactions are the largest uncertainty in the anthropogenic forcing of climate. Specifically, an increase in aerosols increases cloud droplet number concentration (the Twomey effect), which further changes liquid water path and cloud cover (cloud adjustments), ultimately alters radiations. Weekly cycles would be a useful tool for such study, assuming no 7‐day periodicity in meteorological dynamics. In this study, we revisit aerosol–cloud interactions from weekly cycles using long‐term satellite observations and reanalysis data. The analysis is restricted to central Europe—a region with strong weekly cycles in anthropogenic emissions. We find significant weekly cycles in aerosol and cloud droplet number concentration with minima/maxima on Monday/Friday. Importantly, the sensitivity of cloud droplet number concentration to aerosol is found to decrease in polluted conditions, confirming the behavior of the nonlinear cloud response to aerosol as reported previously. It is demonstrated that the weekly cycle in liquid water path is negligible; though a pronounced cycle in cloud cover detected, it is predominately caused by natural variability. Hence, caution is warranted when attributing observed weekly cycle in cloud cover to aerosol effects. Conclusively, weekly cycles are useful for detecting the Twomey effect but less effective for cloud adjustments. Key Points The analysis of weekly cycles reveals a reduced sensitivity of cloud droplet number concentration to aerosol at larger aerosol loading The strong weekly cycle in cloud cover is mainly a result of natural variability rather than being attributed to aerosol effects Weekly cycles offer a useful pathway to investigating the Twomey effect, but are not as effective for detecting cloud adjustments

• A valid representation of intra-annual wood formation processes in global vegetation models is vital for assessing climate change impacts on the forest carbon stock. Yet, wood formation is generally modelled with photosynthesis, despite mounting evidence that cambial activity is rather directly constrained by limiting environmental factors. • Here, we apply a state-of-the-art turgor-driven growth model to simulate 4 yr of hourly stem radial increment from Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. growing along an elevational gradient. For the first time, wood formation observations were used to validate weekly to annual stem radial increment simulations, while environmental measurements were used to assess the climatic constraints on turgor-driven growth. • Model simulations matched the observed timing and dynamics of wood formation. Using the detailed model outputs, we identified a strict environmental regulation on stem growth (air temperature > 2°C and soil water potential > −0.6 MPa). Warmer and drier summers reduced the growth rate as a result of turgor limitation despite warmer temperatures being favourable for cambial activity. • These findings suggest that turgor is a central driver of the forest carbon sink and should be considered in next-generation vegetation models, particularly in the context of global warming and increasing frequency of droughts.

BackgroundAppropriate dialysis prescription in the transitional setting from chronic kidney disease to end-stage kidney disease is still challenging. Conventional thrice-weekly haemodialysis (HD) might be associated with rapid loss of residual kidney function (RKF) and high mortality. The benefits and risks of incremental HD compared with conventional HD were explored in this systematic review and meta-analysis. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to April 2023 for studies that compared the impacts of incremental (once- or twice-weekly HD) and conventional thrice-weekly HD on cardiovascular events, RKF, vascular access complications, quality of life, hospitalization and mortality. ResultsA total of 36 articles (138 939 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. The mortality rate and cardiovascular events were similar between incremental and conventional HD {odds ratio [OR] 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI)] 0.72–1.04 and OR 0.67 [95% CI 0.43–1.05], respectively}. However, hospitalization and loss of RKF were significantly lower in patients treated with incremental HD [OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.27–0.72) and OR 0.31 (95% CI 0.25–0.39), respectively]. In a sensitivity analysis that included studies restricted to those with RKF or urine output criteria, incremental HD had significantly lower cardiovascular events [OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.08–0.63)] and mortality [OR 0.54 (95% CI 0.37–0.79)]. Vascular access complications, hyperkalaemia and volume overload were not statistically different between groups. ConclusionsIncremental HD has been shown to be safe and may provide superior benefits in clinical outcomes, particularly in appropriately selected patients. Large-scale randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these potential advantages. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

No detailed description available for \"How Books Came to America\".

This study aims to evaluate the metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn) contamination in Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) caught in the Sinop region of the Black Sea and the health risk to consumers. These eight metals were measured with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS) in the edible tissues of S. sarda sampled during the September–December 2020 fishing season. Statistical analysis revealed that metal accumulation depends on the size. Large fish have been found to accumulate more metals than small fish. The results showed that the element concentrations in edible tissues of all S. sarda of the southern Black Sea were lower than the maximum allowable levels under European and Turkish regulations. The average weekly intake of tested metals per body weight did not exceed the established provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and target hazard index (THI) were used to find out the non-carcinogenic health hazards as well as the cancer risk index (RI). The findings indicate that S. sarda specimens from the Black Sea are safe to eat, and the risk of health problems connected with non-carcinogenic effects is still very minimal for infants, children, and adults who consume them on a regular basis.

This investigation was aimed at determining the concentration levels of five toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and mercury) in dried Porphyra and Laminaria samples from coastal city of China. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for determination of lead, cadmium and total arsenic. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used for mercury, and liquid chromatography coupled with ICP-MS was used for arsenic speciation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, chromium, total arsenic, and mercury were 0.96 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 2.62 ± 0.07 mg/kg, 1.64 ± 0.08 mg/kg, 36.67 ± 0.53 mg/kg, and 7.56 ± 0.42 μg/kg for Porphyra samples and 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/kg, 0.48 ± 0.02 mg/kg, 3.78 ± 0.56 mg/kg, 43.85 ± 1.42 mg/kg, and 46.61 ± 2.02 μg/kg for Laminaria samples. The results were comparable with previous similar research. The potential health risk assessment was conducted by comparing the calculated weekly intakes of toxic metals from Porphyra and Laminaria with provisional tolerable weekly intake. Consumption of these seaweeds does not seem to pose a risk for the consumers’ health regarding their content of heavy metals. However, the potential health risk of cadmium should not be overlooked for consumers with high intake of Porphyra.

SummaryA 48-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial (the TWICE study) conducted in Japanese primary osteoporosis patients with a high risk of fractures demonstrated that a 28.2-μg twice-weekly regimen of teriparatide can provide comparable efficacy to a 56.5-μg once-weekly regimen of teriparatide, while also improving safety.IntroductionWhile a 56.5-μg once-weekly regimen of teriparatide has high efficacy for osteoporosis, treatment continuation rates are low, with one of the major causes being adverse drug reactions such as nausea or vomiting. The TWICE study was therefore conducted to investigate whether a twice-weekly regimen with 28.2-μg teriparatide can provide comparable efficacy to the 56.5-μg once-weekly regimen while improving safety.MethodsA 48-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial was conducted in Japan. Patients with primary osteoporosis aged ≥ 65 years at high risk of fractures (n = 553) were randomly allocated to the 28.2-μg twice-weekly group (n = 277) or the 56.5-μg once-weekly group (n = 276). The primary endpoint was the percentage change in lumbar spine (L2–L4) bone mineral density (BMD) at final follow-up.ResultsThe percentage changes in lumbar spine (L2–L4) BMD at final follow-up in the 28.2-μg twice-weekly and 56.5-μg once-weekly groups were 7.3% and 5.9%, respectively; the difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) in percentage change was 1.3% (0.400–2.283%). Since the lower limit of the 95% CI was above the pre-specified non-inferiority margin (− 1.6%), non-inferiority of the 28.2-μg twice-weekly group was demonstrated. Adverse drug reactions were significantly less frequent in the 28.2-μg twice-weekly group (39.7% vs 56.2%; p < 0.01); the incidence of major adverse drug reactions was lower, and the number of subjects who discontinued due to adverse drug reactions was less in the 28.2-μg twice-weekly group.ConclusionsA 28.2-μg twice-weekly regimen of teriparatide can provide comparable efficacy to a 56.5-μg once-weekly regimen while improving safety.Clinical trial registrationJapicCTI-163477.

Satellite observations of the high-resolution TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on Sentinel-5 Precursor can be used to observe nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at city scales to quantify short time variability of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and lifetimes on a daily and seasonal basis. In this study, 2 years of TROPOMI tropospheric NO2 columns, having a spatial resolution of up to 3.5 km × 5.5 km, have been analyzed together with wind and ozone data. NOx lifetimes and emission fluxes are estimated for 50 different NOx sources comprising cities, isolated power plants, industrial regions, oil fields, and regions with a mix of sources distributed around the world. The retrieved NOx emissions are in agreement with other TROPOMI-based estimates and reproduce the variability seen in power plant stack measurements but are in general lower than the analyzed stack measurements and emission inventory results. Separation into seasons shows a clear seasonal dependence of NOx emissions with in general the highest emissions during winter, except for isolated power plants and especially sources in hot desert climates, where the opposite is found. The NOx lifetime shows a systematic latitudinal dependence with an increase in lifetime from 2 to 8 h with latitude but only a weak seasonal dependence. For most of the 50 sources including the city of Wuhan in China, a clear weekly pattern of NOx emissions is found, with weekend-to-weekday ratios of up to 0.5 but with a high variability for the different locations. During the Covid-19 lockdown period in 2020, strong reductions in the NOx emissions were observed for New Delhi, Buenos Aires, and Madrid.