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Developing speed
\"This book from the NSCA's Sport Performance Series details the science behind the mechanics of speed, how to conduct appropriate speed assessment and monitor speed-related performance, and how to approach sport-specific speed development, so that coaches, athletes, strength and conditioning professionals, and other sport-related professionals can design individualized training programs that maximize speed and optimize athletic performance in their sport\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Matching Human Torque Capability: Design of a Modifiable Variable CAM System
Variable resistance is the concept utilized to describe a weight training system that provides a resistance that changes to match the joint's ability to produce force throughout the range of motion. This variation in resistance, referred to as Machine Resistive Torque (MRT), is graphically depicted through changes in force, torque, or CAM moment arm length during the lifting stroke. This is then compared with the human torque capability (HTC) patterns, which illustrate the strength curve generated by a subject. Here, Costa-Machado et al develop a new CAM in which MRT accommodates the HTC in the leg extension exercise.
Journal Article
RETRACTION Ilham, I., Sari, A. P., Bafirman, B., Rifki, M.. S., Alnedral, A., Welis, W., Umar, U., Kurniawan, R., Putra, R. A., Prasetyo, T., Car, B., Pavlovic, R., Makadada, F. A.., Perdana, G. S., Lolowang, D. M., Piri, N., Baan, A. B., & Jimenez, J. V. G. (2024). Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico (salto de vallas), el entrenamiento con peso corporal (estocada) y la velocidad en el aumento de la potencia explosiva de los músculos de las piernas de los jugadores de fútbol sala: Un diseño exp
Ilham, I., Sari, A. P., Bafirman, B., Rifki, M.. S., Alnedral, A., Welis, W., Umar, U., Kurniawan, R., Putra, R. A., Prasetyo, T., Car, B., Pavlovic, R., Makadada, F. A.., Perdana, G. S., Lolowang, D. M., Piri, N., Baan, A. B., & Jimenez, J. V. G. (2024). Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico (salto de vallas), el entrenamiento con peso corporal (estocada) y la velocidad en el aumento de la potencia explosiva de los músculos de las piernas de los jugadores de fútbol sala: Un diseño experimental factorial (The effect of plyometric training (hurddle jumps), body weight training (lunges) and speed on increasing leg muscle explosive power of futsal players: a factorial experimental design). Retos, 59, 497–508. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.108147 Retraction of the article by the editor of the journal. There has been several clear and conclusive proofs that there has been a manipulation of the authorship of the article. The accepted Word document was sent with the names of the authors that appeared in the “Corrections for the edition” message so that they could only make the orthographical corrections that were necessary. The corresponding author (or whoever hurt him) changed the authors of the aforementioned Word document that was sent to them, returning a document together with these corrections made with new authors, all without any express notification, without any document explaining the changes made accepted by all the authors and, of course, without express authorization from the journal Retos between both moments. With this fraudulent document the galleys were made and the article was definitively published, assigning it the corresponding DOI. Authors in the Word document of the article submitted for review: 12 Authors in the published PDF with modified authors: 18 Differences between the authors between both moments: +6 (Fredrik Alfrets Makadada, Glady Sukma Perdana, Djajati Mariana Lolowang, Nolfie Piri, Addriana Bulu Baan, Jose Vicente Garcia Jimenez)
Journal Article
Los compuestos fitoquímicos del pepino de mar tienen el potencial de reducir los niveles de TNF-a después del ejercicio
Introduction: Increased levels of TNF-a in the blood after exercise can cause muscle pain. Objective: This study aims to analyze the potential of sea cucumber phytochemical compounds in reducing TNF-a levels after exercise. Methodology: This type of research is experimental research. Subject selection was carried out using the purposive sampling method. Next, the subjects were divided into two groups, namely the treatment group (K1) received sea cucumbers, and the control group (K2) received placebo. Sea cucumber is given in supplementation form at a dose of 500 mg. This study involved 16 healthy guys. The study's participants were between the ages of 20 and 25. Three days were dedicated to data collection, starting with the collection of information on the subjects' characteristics. Subjects were then instructed to warm up. Practice is done afterwards. The exercises carried out include weight training with maximum intensity. 24 hours after exercise, blood was taken for pre-test data to measure TNF-a levels. Then the samples were given placebo intervention and sea cucumber supplements based on their respective groups. 48 hours after exercise, blood was taken for post test data to measure TNF-a levels. Results: The results showed that sea cucumber supplementation after exercise was shown to significantly reduce TNF-α levels in healthy men p<0.05*. Discussion: The anti-inflammatory properties of sea cucumber can have a positive impact in reducing TNF-α levels after exercise. Conclusions: Sea cucumber supplementation at a dose of 500 mg was able to reduce TNF-α levels significantly. We recommend investigating the effect of sea cucumber supplementation on IL-6 levels in the future.
Journal Article
Interactions between menstrual cycle, training load and strength performance in elite female weightlifters
This study aimed to investigate the impact of the menstrual cycle on strength performance, training load, and subjective recovery in elite female weightlifters.
A six-month observational study involving eight eumenorrheic female weightlifters (age: 24.5 ± 5.3 years; body weight: 72 ± 11 kg), with menstrual cycle phases identified through diaries and daily temperature measurements. Saliva samples were collected every two days for three months to confirm eumenorrheic cycles.
Back squat strength was assessed during training sessions using an inertial measurement unit (ENODE Sensor). Subjective recovery was evaluated via the Short Recovery and Stress Scale.
Out of 32 potential cycles, 24 (75%) were recorded, with a mean cycle length of 27.0 ± 2.5 days. No direct impact of menstrual cycle phases on back squat performance was found. However, during moderate training weeks, a significant performance decrease was observed in the late luteal phase compared to the early follicular phase and during low training weeks. Short Recovery and Stress Scale scores showed no significant changes across phases.
The menstrual cycle alone does not significantly affect strength capacity or perceived recovery in elite weightlifters. However, strength performance is significantly reduced in the late luteal phase when training load is moderate. Further studies should examine the menstrual cycle's interaction with other influencing factors.
Journal Article
Functional data analysis of vertical barbell acceleration during the pull of the power clean
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vertical barbell acceleration patterns and power clean performance. Thirty strength-power athletes performed a one repetition maximum (1RM) power clean test, recording vertical barbell acceleration data from their heaviest successful lifts. This data was then analysed using functional principal component (fPC) analysis methods. Three vertical barbell acceleration patterns were extracted, with each primarily reflecting variations in the magnitude of vertical barbell acceleration during the second pull (fPC1), the transition (fPC2), and the first pull (fPC3). Additionally, two fPCs were extracted from displacement fields, which explain timing variations in barbell acceleration data, with the first fPC capturing timing variations during the first pull and the second fPC capturing timing variations during the transition. There were no significant or meaningful correlations between any of these patterns and power clean performance, suggesting that the amplitude and timing variations of vertical barbell acceleration patterns may not be the key biomechanical factor impacting power clean performance. Therefore, vertical barbell acceleration profiles should not be interpreted as a direct indicator of power clean technique, as these patterns may simply reflect acceptable individual variation, rather than representing technical proficiency or inefficiency. These findings may highlight that isolated measures of barbell kinematics should be considered informative, yet insufficient for assessing weightlifting technique, without additional variables reflecting the kinetics and kinematics of the lifter considered.
Journal Article
The Importance of Muscular Strength: Training Considerations
This review covers underlying physiological characteristics and training considerations that may affect muscular strength including improving maximal force expression and time-limited force expression. Strength is underpinned by a combination of morphological and neural factors including muscle cross-sectional area and architecture, musculotendinous stiffness, motor unit recruitment, rate coding, motor unit synchronization, and neuromuscular inhibition. Although single- and multi-targeted block periodization models may produce the greatest strength-power benefits, concepts within each model must be considered within the limitations of the sport, athletes, and schedules. Bilateral training, eccentric training and accentuated eccentric loading, and variable resistance training may produce the greatest comprehensive strength adaptations. Bodyweight exercise, isolation exercises, plyometric exercise, unilateral exercise, and kettlebell training may be limited in their potential to improve maximal strength but are still relevant to strength development by challenging time-limited force expression and differentially challenging motor demands. Training to failure may not be necessary to improve maximum muscular strength and is likely not necessary for maximum gains in strength. Indeed, programming that combines heavy and light loads may improve strength and underpin other strength-power characteristics. Multiple sets appear to produce superior training benefits compared to single sets; however, an athlete’s training status and the dose–response relationship must be considered. While 2- to 5-min interset rest intervals may produce the greatest strength-power benefits, rest interval length may vary based an athlete’s training age, fiber type, and genetics. Weaker athletes should focus on developing strength before emphasizing power-type training. Stronger athletes may begin to emphasize power-type training while maintaining/improving their strength. Future research should investigate how best to implement accentuated eccentric loading and variable resistance training and examine how initial strength affects an athlete’s ability to improve their performance following various training methods.
Journal Article
Weightlifting Pulling Derivatives: Rationale for Implementation and Application
This review article examines previous weightlifting literature and provides a rationale for the use of weightlifting pulling derivatives that eliminate the catch phase for athletes who are not competitive weightlifters. Practitioners should emphasize the completion of the triple extension movement during the second pull phase that is characteristic of weightlifting movements as this is likely to have the greatest transference to athletic performance that is dependent on hip, knee, and ankle extension. The clean pull, snatch pull, hang high pull, jump shrug, and mid-thigh pull are weightlifting pulling derivatives that can be used in the teaching progression of the full weightlifting movements and are thus less complex with regard to exercise technique. Previous literature suggests that the clean pull, snatch pull, hang high pull, jump shrug, and mid-thigh pull may provide a training stimulus that is as good as, if not better than, weightlifting movements that include the catch phase. Weightlifting pulling derivatives can be implemented throughout the training year, but an emphasis and de-emphasis should be used in order to meet the goals of particular training phases. When implementing weightlifting pulling derivatives, athletes must make a maximum effort, understand that pulling derivatives can be used for both technique work and building strength–power characteristics, and be coached with proper exercise technique. Future research should consider examining the effect of various loads on kinetic and kinematic characteristics of weightlifting pulling derivatives, training with full weightlifting movements as compared to training with weightlifting pulling derivatives, and how kinetic and kinematic variables vary between derivatives of the snatch.
Journal Article