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The COVID-19 pandemic : the deadly coronavirus outbreak in the 21st century
\"This volume presents a comprehensive account of the COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the novel coronavirus pandemic, as it happened. Originating in China in late 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak spread across the entire world in a matter of 3-4 months. This volume examines the first responses to the pandemic, the contexts of earlier epidemics and the epidemiological basics of infectious diseases. Further, it also discusses patterns in the spread of the disease; the management and containment of infections at the personal, national and global level; effects on trade and commerce; the social and psychological impact on people; disruption and postponement of international events; the role of various international organizations like WHO in the search for solutions; and, the race for a vaccine or the cure. Authored by a medical professional and an economist working on the frontlines, this book gives a nuanced, verified, and fact-checked analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic and its global response. A one-stop resource on the COVID-19 outbreak, it is an indispensable read for every reader, as well as a holistic work for scholars and researchers of medical sociology, public health, political economy, public policy and governance, sociology of health and medicine, para-medical and medical practitioners. It will also be a great resource for policy makers, government departments, and civil society organizations working in the area\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Stationary distribution Markov chain for Covid-19 pandemic
Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is a new disease found in the late 2019. The first case was reported on December 31, 2019 in Wuhan, China and spreading all over the countries. The disease was quickly spread to all over the countries. There are 206,900 cases confirmed by March 18, 2020 causing 8,272 death. It was predicted that the number of confirmed cases will continue to increase. On January 30, 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared this as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). There are a lot of researchers which discuss pandemic spreading caused by virus with mathematical modelling. In this paper, we discuss a long-term prediction over the Covid-19 spreading using stationary distribution Markov chain. The aim of this paper is to analyze the prediction of infected people in long-term by analyzing the Covid-19 daily cases in an observation interval. By analyzing the daily cases of Covid-19 worldwide from December 31, 2019 until April 16, 2020, result shows that 61.43% of probability that the Covid-19 daily case will incline in long-term, 32.14% of chance will decline, and 6.43% of chance will stagnant.
Journal Article
The World Health Organization : a history
\"According to its Constitution, the mission of the World Health Organization (WHO) was nothing less than the 'attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health' without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic status, or social condition. But how consistently and how well has the WHO pursued this mission since 1946? This comprehensive and engaging new history explores these questions by looking at its origins and its institutional antecedents, while also considering its contemporary and future roles. It examines how the WHO was shaped by the particular environments of the postwar period and the Cold War, the relative influence of the US and other approaches to healthcare, and its place alongside sometimes competing international bodies such as UNICEF, the World Bank, and the Gates Foundation. The authors re-evaluate the relative success and failure of critical WHO campaigns, from early malaria and smallpox eradication programs to struggles with Ebola today.\"--Back cover.
Book
The effect of social inequality on the growth of COVID-19 death case
World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 has become a pandemic on March 11 2020, and counted as a dangerous disease including in Indonesia since it is causing immune drop after an infection that could emerge other diseases. Therefore, many people, both poor or wealthy, are worried. We formulate a modified Susceptible Infected Recovered compartmental model (SIR), where the Infected compartment could be dead because of the disease. Assuming that the poor have less access to excellent health facilities, this population is more likely to have more diseases that can recur after being infected with COVID-19. From pandemic history, life expectancy and death rates are disproportionate between the wealthiest and most deprived populations. It is based on previous pandemic cases that the life expectancy and death rates between the wealthy and poor communities are excessive. We show the effect of social inequality on the growth of the COVID-19 death case using the SIR model for the COVID-19 outbreak considering that the reinfection of COVID-19 could happen in some cases knowing that immune could be waning between people that got recovered from the virus. By numerical calculations and illustrating it in the graph, the results show that cases with high social inequality tend to have higher death rates and cases with low social inequality levels tend to have lower death rates. Thus, social inequality could affect the death rate caused by COVID-19 cases.
Journal Article
Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025
Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of mortality and reduced life expectancy. We aim to estimate the burden of diabetes by type, year, regions, and socioeconomic status in 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years, which provide information to achieve the goal of World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in 2025. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Overall, the global burden of diabetes had increased significantly since 1990. Both the trend and magnitude of diabetes related diseases burden varied substantially across regions and countries. In 2017, global incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with diabetes were 22.9 million, 476.0 million, 1.37 million, and 67.9 million, with a projection to 26.6 million, 570.9 million, 1.59 million, and 79.3 million in 2025, respectively. The trend of global type 2 diabetes burden was similar to that of total diabetes (including type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes), while global age-standardized rate of mortality and DALYs for type 1 diabetes declined. Globally, metabolic risks (high BMI) and behavioral factors (inappropriate diet, smoking, and low physical activity) contributed the most attributable death and DALYs of diabetes. These estimations could be useful in policy-making, priority setting, and resource allocation in diabetes prevention and treatment.
Journal Article
Animal models for COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging respiratory infection caused by the introduction of a novel coronavirus into humans late in 2019 (first detected in Hubei province, China). As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. As humans do not have pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents and vaccines to mitigate the current pandemic and to prevent the re-emergence of COVID-19. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assembled an international panel to develop animal models for COVID-19 to accelerate the testing of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
The findings of a World Health Organization expert working group that is developing animal models to test vaccines and therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19, and their relevance for preclinical testing, are reviewed.
Journal Article
Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults
In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
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, a pandemic. With rapidly accumulating numbers of cases and deaths reported globally
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, a vaccine is urgently needed. Here we report the available safety, tolerability and immunogenicity data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded dose-escalation study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04368728) among 45 healthy adults (18–55 years of age), who were randomized to receive 2 doses—separated by 21 days—of 10 μg, 30 μg or 100 μg of BNT162b1. BNT162b1 is a lipid-nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine that encodes the trimerized receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Local reactions and systemic events were dose-dependent, generally mild to moderate, and transient. A second vaccination with 100 μg was not administered because of the increased reactogenicity and a lack of meaningfully increased immunogenicity after a single dose compared with the 30-μg dose. RBD-binding IgG concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titres in sera increased with dose level and after a second dose. Geometric mean neutralizing titres reached 1.9–4.6-fold that of a panel of COVID-19 convalescent human sera, which were obtained at least 14 days after a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR. These results support further evaluation of this mRNA vaccine candidate.
In a dose-escalation study of the COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in 45 healthy adults, RBD-binding IgG concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titres in sera increased with dose level and after a second vaccine dose.
Journal Article
Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in China
On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic
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. The strategies based on non-pharmaceutical interventions that were used to contain the outbreak in China appear to be effective
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, but quantitative research is still needed to assess the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions and their timings
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. Here, using epidemiological data on COVID-19 and anonymized data on human movement
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,
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, we develop a modelling framework that uses daily travel networks to simulate different outbreak and intervention scenarios across China. We estimate that there were a total of 114,325 cases of COVID-19 (interquartile range 76,776–164,576) in mainland China as of 29 February 2020. Without non-pharmaceutical interventions, we predict that the number of cases would have been 67-fold higher (interquartile range 44–94-fold) by 29 February 2020, and we find that the effectiveness of different interventions varied. We estimate that early detection and isolation of cases prevented more infections than did travel restrictions and contact reductions, but that a combination of non-pharmaceutical interventions achieved the strongest and most rapid effect. According to our model, the lifting of travel restrictions from 17 February 2020 does not lead to an increase in cases across China if social distancing interventions can be maintained, even at a limited level of an on average 25% reduction in contact between individuals that continues until late April. These findings improve our understanding of the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19, and will inform response efforts across the world.
A model of the effects of different non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of COVID-19 in China suggests that a strategy involving the rapid implementation of a combination of interventions is most effective.
Journal Article
Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and its resulting coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The rapid global spread of COVID-19 represents perhaps the most significant public health emergency in a century. As the pandemic progressed, a continued paucity of evidence on routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission has resulted in shifting infection prevention and control guidelines between classically-defined airborne and droplet precautions. During the initial isolation of 13 individuals with COVID-19 at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, we collected air and surface samples to examine viral shedding from isolated individuals. We detected viral contamination among all samples, supporting the use of airborne isolation precautions when caring for COVID-19 patients.
Journal Article
Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2
An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a novel coronavirus (named SARS-CoV-2) and has a case fatality rate of approximately 2%, started in Wuhan (China) in December 2019
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,
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. Following an unprecedented global spread
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, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Although data on COVID-19 in humans are emerging at a steady pace, some aspects of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 can be studied in detail only in animal models, in which repeated sampling and tissue collection is possible. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 causes a respiratory disease in rhesus macaques that lasts between 8 and 16 days. Pulmonary infiltrates, which are a hallmark of COVID-19 in humans, were visible in lung radiographs. We detected high viral loads in swabs from the nose and throat of all of the macaques, as well as in bronchoalveolar lavages; in one macaque, we observed prolonged rectal shedding. Together, the rhesus macaque recapitulates the moderate disease that has been observed in the majority of human cases of COVID-19. The establishment of the rhesus macaque as a model of COVID-19 will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease, and aid in the development and testing of medical countermeasures.
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques causes a respiratory disease that recapitulates aspects of COVID-19 in humans, establishing this species as an animal model for investigating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.
Journal Article