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Umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s jelly for regenerative medicine applications
Background
The last decade has seen an explosion in the interest in using biologics for regenerative medicine applications, including umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s Jelly. There is insufficient literature assessing the amount of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles including exosomes in these products. The present study reports the development of a novel Wharton’s jelly formulation and evaluates the presence of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles including exosomes.
Methods
Human umbilical cords were obtained from consenting caesarian section donors. The Wharton’s jelly was then isolated from the procured umbilical cord and formulated into an injectable form. Randomly selected samples from different batches were analyzed for sterility testing and to quantify the presence of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles.
Results
All samples passed the sterility test. Growth factors including IGFBP 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, TGF-α, and PDGF-AA were detected. Several immunomodulatory cytokines, such as RANTES, IL-6R, and IL-16, were also detected. Pro-inflammatory cytokines MCSFR, MIP-1a; anti-inflammatory cytokines TNF-RI, TNF-RII, and IL-1RA; and homeostatic cytokines TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were observed. Cytokines associated with wound healing, ICAM-1, G-CSF, GDF-15, and regenerative properties, GH, were also expressed. High concentrations of hyaluronic acid were observed. Particles in the extracellular vesicle size range were also detected and were enclosed by the membrane, indicative of true extracellular vesicles.
Conclusion
There are numerous growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles present in the Wharton’s jelly formulation analyzed. The amount of these factors in Wharton’s jelly is higher compared with other biologics and may play a role in reducing inflammation and pain and augment healing of musculoskeletal injuries.
Journal Article
Edith Wharton and the visual arts
An insightful look at representations of women’s bodies and female authority.
This work explores Edith Wharton's career-long concern with a 19th-century visual culture that limited female artistic agency and expression. Wharton repeatedly invoked the visual arts--especially painting—as a medium for revealing the ways that women's bodies have been represented (as passive, sexualized, infantalized, sickly, dead). Well-versed in the Italian masters, Wharton made special use of the art of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, particularly its penchant for producing not portraits of individual women but instead icons onto whose bodies male desire is superimposed.
Emily Orlando contends that while Wharton's early work presents women enshrined by men through art, the middle and later fiction shifts the seat of power to women. From Lily Bart in The House of Mirth to Undine Spragg in The Custom of the Country and Ellen Olenska in The Age of Innocence, women evolve from victims to vital agents, securing for themselves a more empowering and satisfying relationship to art and to their own identities.
Orlando also studies the lesser-known short stories and novels, revealing Wharton’s re-workings of texts by Browning, Poe, Balzac, George Eliot, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and, most significantly, Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Edith Wharton and the Visual Arts is the first extended study to examine the presence in Wharton's fiction of the Pre-Raphaelite poetry and painting of Rossetti and his muses, notably Elizabeth Siddall and Jane Morris. Wharton emerges as one of American literature's most gifted inter-textual realists, providing a vivid lens through which to view issues of power, resistance, and social change as they surface in American literature and culture.
Emily J. Orlando is Assistant Professor of American Literature at Tennessee State University.
eBook
The crafted world of Wharton Esherick
Widely celebrated as the father of the Studio Furniture Movement, Wharton Esherick is one of the most important furniture designers of the twentieth century. Presenting his preserved hillside house and studio, this book showcases seven decades of innovative woodwork and sculpture, embodying his influence on American art and design.
BOOK
Intravenous infusion of human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a potential treatment for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has grown to be a global public health emergency since patients were first detected in Wuhan, China. Thus far, no specific drugs or vaccines are available to cure the patients with COVID-19 infection. The immune system and inflammation are proposed to play a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to possess a comprehensive powerful immunomodulatory function. Intravenous infusion of MSCs has shown promising results in COVID-19 treatment. Here, we report a case of a severe COVID-19 patient treated with human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (hWJCs) from a healthy donor in Liaocheng People’s Hospital, China, from February 24, 2020. The pulmonary function and symptoms of the patient with COVID-19 pneumonia was significantly improved in 2 days after hWJC transplantation, and recovered and discharged in 7 days after treatment. After treatment, the percentage and counts of lymphocyte subsets (CD3
+
, CD4
+
, and CD8
+
T cell) were increased, and the level of IL-6, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein is significantly decreased after hWJC treatment. Thus, the intravenous transplantation of hWJCs was safe and effective for the treatment of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, especially for the patients in a critically severe condition. This report highlights the potential of hWJC infusions as an effective treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia.
Journal Article
Edith Wharton in context
\"This collection of essays examines the various social, cultural, and historical contexts surrounding Edith Wharton's popular and prolific literary career\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Edith Wharton on film
Edith Wharton (1862– 1937), who lived nearly half of her life during the cinema age when she published many of her well-known works, acknowledged that she disliked the movies, characterizing them as an enemy of the imagination. Yet her fiction often referenced film and popular Hollywood culture, and she even sold the rights to several of her novels to Hollywood studios.
Edith Wharton on Film explores these seeming contradictions and examines the relationships among Wharton’ s writings, the popular culture in which she published them, and the subsequent film adaptations of her work (three from the 1930s and four from the 1990s). Author Parley Ann Boswell examines the texts in which Wharton referenced film and Hollywood culture and evaluates the extant films adapted from Wharton’ s fiction.
The volume introduces Wharton’ s use of cinema culture in her fiction through the 1917 novella Summer , written during the nation’ s first wave of feminism, in which the heroine Charity Royall is moviegoer and new American woman, consumer and consumable. Boswell considers the source of this conformity and entrapment, especially for women. She discloses how Wharton struggled to write popular stories and then how she revealed her antipathy toward popular movie culture in two late novels.
Boswell describes Wharton’ s financial dependence on the American movie industry, which fueled her antagonism toward Hollywood culture, her well-documented disdain for popular culture, and her struggles to publish in women’ s magazines.
This first full-length study that examines the film adaptations of Wharton’ s fiction covers seven films adapted from Wharton’ s works between 1930 and 2000 and the fifty-year gap in Wharton film adaptations. The study also analyzes Sophy Viner in The Reef as pre-Hollywood ingé nue, characters in Twilight Sleep and The Children and the real Hollywood figures who might have inspired them, and The Sheik and racial stereotypes.
Boswell traces the complicated relationship of fiction and narrative film, the adaptations and cinematic metaphors of Wharton’ s work in the 1990s, and Wharton’ s persona as an outsider. Wharton’ s fiction on film corresponds in striking ways to American noir cinema, says Boswell, because contemporary filmmakers recognize and celebrate the subversive qualities of Wharton’ s work.
Edith Wharton on Film, which includes eleven illustrations, enhances Wharton’ s stature as a major American author and provides persuasive evidence that her fiction should be read as American noir literature.
eBook
Edith Wharton
Provides an introduction to Edith Wharton and the critical discussions surrounding her work.
BOOK
Safety and efficacy of Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells with teriparatide for osteoporotic vertebral fractures: A phase I/IIa study
Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are serious health problems. We conducted a randomized, open‐label, phase I/IIa study to determine the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ‐MSCs) and teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1‐34) in OVCFs. Twenty subjects with recent OVCFs were randomized to teriparatide (20 μg/day, daily subcutaneous injection for 6 months) treatment alone or combined treatment of WJ‐MSCs (intramedullary [4 × 107 cells] injection and intravenous [2 × 108 cells] injection after 1 week) and teriparatide (20 μg/day, daily subcutaneous injection for 6 months). Fourteen subjects (teriparatide alone, n = 7; combined treatment, n = 7) completed follow‐up assessment (visual analog scale [VAS], Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], Short Form‐36 [SF‐36], bone mineral density [BMD], bone turnover measured by osteocalcin and C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry [DXA], computed tomography [CT]). Our results show that (a) combined treatment with WJ‐MSCs and teriparatide is feasible and tolerable for the patients with OVCFs; (b) the mean VAS, ODI, and SF‐36 scores significantly improved in the combined treatment group; (c) the level of bone turnover markers were not significantly different between the two groups; (d) BMD T‐scores of spine and hip by DXA increased in both control and experimental groups without a statistical difference; and (e) baseline spine CT images and follow‐up CT images at 6 and 12 months showed better microarchitecture in the combined treatment group. Our results indicate that combined treatment of WJ‐MSCs and teriparatide is feasible and tolerable and has a clinical benefit for fracture healing by promoting bone architecture. Clinical trial registration: https://nedrug.mfds.go.kr/, MFDS: 201600282‐30937. Combined treatments of Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ‐MSCs) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased the T‐scores of the spine and hip and improved the microarchitecture in the fractured vertebral body. These effects provided satisfactory improvement of pain, function, and quality of life for patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Combined treatment of WJ‐MSCs and PTH is feasible and tolerable and has a clinical benefit for treatment of OVCFs.
Journal Article