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"Whistle blowing Social aspects."
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An AI ethics ‘David and Goliath’: value conflicts between large tech companies and their employees
Artificial intelligence ethics requires a united approach from policymakers, AI companies, and individuals, in the development, deployment, and use of these technologies. However, sometimes discussions can become fragmented because of the different levels of governance (Schmitt in AI Ethics 1–12, 2021) or because of different values, stakeholders, and actors involved (Ryan and Stahl in J Inf Commun Ethics Soc 19:61–86, 2021). Recently, these conflicts became very visible, with such examples as the dismissal of AI ethics researcher Dr. Timnit Gebru from Google and the resignation of whistle-blower Frances Haugen from Facebook. Underpinning each debacle was a conflict between the organisation’s economic and business interests and the morals of their employees. This paper will examine tensions between the ethics of AI organisations and the values of their employees, by providing an exploration of the AI ethics literature in this area, and a qualitative analysis of three workshops with AI developers and practitioners. Common ethical and social tensions (such as power asymmetries, mistrust, societal risks, harms, and lack of transparency) will be discussed, along with proposals on how to avoid or reduce these conflicts in practice (e.g., building trust, fair allocation of responsibility, protecting employees’ autonomy, and encouraging ethical training and practice). Altogether, we suggest the following steps to help reduce ethical issues within AI organisations: improved and diverse ethics education and training within businesses; internal and external ethics auditing; the establishment of AI ethics ombudsmen, AI ethics review committees and an AI ethics watchdog; as well as access to trustworthy AI ethics whistle-blower organisations.
Journal Article
Secret Power
*Winner of the European Award for Investigative And Judicial Journalism 2021* *Winner of the Premio Alessandro Leogrande Award for Investigative Journalism 2022* *Winner of the Premio Angelo Vassallo Award 2022* 'I want to live in a society where secret power is accountable to the law and to public opinion for its atrocities, where it is the war criminals who go to jail, not those who have the conscience and courage to expose them.' It is 2008, and Stefania Maurizi, an investigative journalist with a growing interest in cryptography, starts looking into the little-known organization WikiLeaks. Through hushed meetings, encrypted files, and explosive documents, what she discovers sets her on a life-long journey that takes her deep into the realm of secret power. Working closely with WikiLeaks' founder Julian Assange and his organization for her newspaper, Maurizi has spent over a decade investigating state criminality protected by thick layers of secrecy, while also embarking on a solitary trench warfare to unearth the facts underpinning the cruel persecution of Assange and WikiLeaks. With complex and disturbing insights, Maurizi's tireless journalism exposes atrocities, the shameful treatment of Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden, on up to the present persecution of WikiLeaks: a terrifying web of impunity and cover-ups. At the heart of the book is the brutality of secret power and the unbearable price paid by Julian Assange, WikiLeaks, and truthtellers.
eBook
How to blow the whistle on an academic bully
Standing up to a persecutor is tough, particularly if they are your supervisor. But you can take steps to report abuse and protect yourself.
Standing up to a persecutor is tough, particularly if they are your supervisor. But you can take steps to report abuse and protect yourself.
Journal Article
Corporate Criminal ESG
As social norms around climate change shift rapidly, and the U.S. Supreme Court requires federal regulation to retreat, regulations at the state and local levels fracture into increasingly aggressive, and often diametrically opposed, enforcement. Meanwhile, business representations regarding environmental, social, and corporate governance (\"ESG\") initiatives are being policed by traditional charges of fraud that are civil, and, increasingly, criminal. These tensions create massive uncertainties for business. On a global issue like climate change, U.S. businesses, and the people who run them, need political and regulatory stability.
Journal Article
Factors influencing nurses’ decision to blow the whistle: a systematic review
Background
Nurses play a central role in the entire process of notifying malpractice and unethical behaviour within healthcare facilities. Understanding which circumstances makes them go ahead and whistleblow is vital for ensuring that patient safety standards are maintained and ethical conduct is promoted.
Objective
This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of various factors affecting nurses’ whistleblowing decisions at the individual, organizational, and social levels. It draws from both empirical and theoretical insights to capture the complexity of this decision-making process.
Methods
A systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. A broad search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library was conducted using subject headings and keywords related to nurses and whistleblowing among the selected studies between 2014 and 2024. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Methodological quality was evaluated with the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Studies that met the inclusion criteria were chosen, and appropriate data were extracted and analyzed.
Results
Six studies, out of a total of 918, satisfied the inclusion criteria and were analysed in this review. Factors that influenced nurses’ decisions to speak up about their observations included personal characteristics, organizational culture, and the nature of social relationships among healthcare team members. The results emphasized the significance of a culture of responsibility and honesty, and support for those who stand for a reason. Overall, these results supported the case for encouraging disclosure.
Conclusion
A summary of results reflects the intricate balance of factors that determine whether nurses’ resort to blowing the whistle or not. Encouraging ethical practice, as well as the provision of a safe environment where nurses can voice their concerns about unethical behavior, is a core element of healthcare organizations’ responsibilities.
Clinical trial number
Not applicable.
Journal Article
The Global Fund: why anti-corruption, transparency and accountability matter
Background
The creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, also known as the Global Fund, was prompted by the lack of a timely and effective global response, and the need for financing to fight against three devastating diseases: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. During the formation of the Global Fund, necessary anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability (ACTA) structures were not put in place to prevent fraud and corruption in its grants, which resulted in the misuse of funds by grant recipients and an eventual loss of donor confidence in 2011. The Global Fund has instituted various ACTA mechanisms to address this misuse of funding and the subsequent loss of donor confidence, and this paper seeks to understand these implementations and their impacts over the past decade, in an effort to probe ACTA more deeply.
Results
By restructuring the governing committees in 2011, and the Audit and Finance; Ethics and Governance; and Strategy Committees in 2016, the Global Fund has delineated committee mandates and strengthened the Board’s oversight of operations. Additionally, the Global Fund has adopted a rigorous risk management framework which it has worked into all aspects of its functioning. An Ethics and Integrity Framework was adopted in 2014 and an Ethics Office was established in 2016, resulting in increased conflict of interest disclosures and greater considerations of ethics within the organization. The Global Fund’s Office of the Inspector General (OIG) has effectively performed internal and external audits and investigations on fraud and corruption, highlighted potential risks for mitigation, and has implemented ACTA initiatives, such as the
I Speak Out Now!
campaign to encourage whistleblowing and educate on fraud and corruption.
Conclusions
From 2011 onwards, the Global Fund has developed a number of ACTA mechanisms which, in particular, resulted in reduced grant-related risks and procurement fraud as demonstrated by the decreased classification from high to moderate in 2017, and the reduction of investigations in 2018 respectively. However, it is crucial that the Global Fund continues to evaluate the effectiveness of these mechanisms; monitor for potential perverse impacts; and make necessary changes, when and where they are needed.
Journal Article
The Transformative Potential of Meta's Oversight Board: Strategic Litigation Within the Digital Constitution?
Meta's Oversight Board (OB) is at the center of divisive debates. Some commentators look at this experiment as the \"Supreme Court\" of a global order that is going through a process of constitutionalization. Others express concern about the OB, seen as a way to avoid public accountability and, more generally, as the legitimization of global private censorship. Either way, the debates normally focus on the important but still relatively narrow issue of content moderation and freedom of expression. In contrast, it is the manipulation of individuals and the related social effects deriving so-called informational capitalism --among them, the mental health distress of young people--that needs to be counteracted. Against this background, this article, resorting to societal constitutionalism as an analytical framework, aims to contribute to the debates on digital constitutionalism. It has two goals. First, to use the instruments available within Meta's normative system to thematize the broader, systemic effects of social media and digitality in constitutional terms. Second, to question informational capitalism \"from within,\" using the right to the mental health of children as a case study. In this sense, it is an exercise of (strategic) legal imagination that focuses on the internal side of an involved actor. After the introduction, section II analyzes the features of Meta's normative system, distinguishing between juridification (II.A) and constitutionalization (II.B). Against this background, section III outlines a litigation strategy aimed at bringing such issues before the OB. It separately examines the strategies preceding the proceeding (III.A), the authority and scope of OB's jurisdiction (III.B), the relevant standards of review (III.C), and the potential content of the decision and the policy advisory statement s ( III.D). Section IV concludes.
Journal Article
Post-disaster reconstruction and ethics: the power of social capital
The rising frequency of disasters devastates human settlements, making ethical post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) vital. While disaster scholarship engages with ethics and social capital, the built-environment literature remains focused on technical approaches, leaving the ethical role of social capital unexplored. This study investigates the influence of social capital on ethical PDR, drawing on interviews (n = 33) with professionals in Italy, Mozambique, Nepal, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Findings reveal the duality of social capital, identifying seven ethical challenges, including socially embedded corruption, gender disparity and dependency, and six measures to strengthen ethical practice, such as building social trust, community empowerment and leveraging emotional connections. It also reveals how networks within social capital and the cognitive dimension affect ethical PDR. This research contributes to the built-environment literature by highlighting its interdisciplinarity with social capital theory, dependency theory and gender studies. Furthermore, it offers insights for policy and practice. POLICY RELEVANCE Findings of this study revealed the duality of social capital in ethical PDR. It identified seven key challenges and six measures for strengthening ethical PDR practices through social capital. It also revealed how networks within social capital and the cognitive dimension contribute to ethical PDR. Accordingly, this research offers policymakers a framework for harnessing social capital to advance ethical PDR, advocating for five targeted interventions: mandating social capital audits in PDR planning to identify ethical risks and opportunities; strengthening governance linkages through formal accountability mechanisms; mainstreaming gender equity via enforced ethical codes and whistleblowing channels; funding trauma-informed capacity-building to foster resilient community partnerships; and codifying inclusive co-production to ensure marginalised groups shape decisions. For practitioners, this necessitates adopting empathetic engagement and continuous social auditing to translate policy into ethical practice.
Journal Article
Unveiling ESG Controversy Risks: A Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Whistleblowing Performance in European Financial Institutions
Financial institutions face increased reputational, regulatory, and ethical risks as the frequency and complexity of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) controversies increase. Whistleblowing mechanisms are essential in the context of institutional resilience and the mitigation of internal governance failures. This study quantifies the exposure of 364 European financial institutions to a variety of ESG controversies to assess the effectiveness of whistleblowing during the fiscal year 2024. A whistleblowing performance index that captures the relative influence of ESG-related risk factors—such as corruption allegations, environmental violations, and executive misconduct—is constructed using a hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) framework that is based on Entropy Weighting and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results emphasize that the perceived efficacy of whistleblower systems is substantially influenced by the frequency of media-reported controversies and the presence of robust anti-bribery policies. The study provides a data-driven, replicable paradigm for assessing internal governance capabilities in the face of ESG risk pressure. Our findings offer actionable insights for regulators, compliance officers, and ESG analysts who are interested in evaluating and enhancing ethical accountability systems within the financial sector by connecting the domains of financial risk management, corporate ethics, and sustainability governance.
Journal Article