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Vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) and other symptoms, including depression, anxiety and panic attacks, are commonly experienced by menopausal women and have been associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile. To investigate whether presence of menopausal symptoms is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Five electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science) were search until February 17th, 2015 to identify relevant studies. Observational cohort studies or randomised intervention studies were eligible for inclusion if they followed participants prospectively (at least 1 year of follow-up), and reported relevant estimates on the association of any vasomotor symptoms, or other menopausal symptoms, with risk of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), or stroke in perimenopausal, menopausal, or postmenopausal women. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-designed data collection form. Separate pooled relative risks (RRs) for age and non-established cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., education, ethnicity) adjusted data and for established cardiovascular risk factors and potential mediators-adjusted data (e.g., smoking, body mass index, and hypertension) were calculated. Out of 9,987 initially identified references, ten studies were selected, including 213,976 women with a total of 10,037 cardiovascular disease outcomes. The age and non-established cardiovascular risk factors adjusted RRs) [95% confidence intervals] for development of CHD, Stroke and CVD comparing women with and without any menopausal symptoms were 1.34 [1.13-1.58], 1.30 [0.99-1.70], 1.48 [1.21-1.80] respectively, and the corresponding RRs adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors and potential mediators were 1.18 [1.03-1.35], 1.08 [0.89-1.32], 1.29 [0.98-1.71]. However, these analyses were limited by potential unmeasured confounding and the small number of studies on this topic. Presence of vasomotor symptoms and other menopausal symptoms are generally associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which is mainly explained by cardiovascular risk factors.

The girl's mother, Maryam Williams, told a school official that she had intended to take the gun to a firing range for practice, according to charging papers filed yesterday. She said the bag containing the gun was in the trunk of her car, along with her daughter's backpack, and that there must have been a mix-up, the papers stated. Police and school officials said the gun went unnoticed until the end of the school day, when the girl opened a small makeup case inside the DKNY bag and saw the small, silver-colored .380-caliber pistol. The child immediately told her teacher, and school officials notified police, according to the charging papers. Williams, 32, of the 1800 block of North Capitol Street was released on personal recognizance after a hearing yesterday in D.C. Superior Court. The charging papers quoted her as saying that she knew the gun was loaded and that she did not realize that it was missing until the school called.

The fact that the gun was in the trunk, which was locked, was not necessarily enough to prove the charge. Complicating matters, [Maryam Williams] gave police three addresses when she was arrested -- two in the District, including one where her mother lives, and one in Maryland. Prosecutors tried to convince the judge that Williams had carried the gun on a District street, from her car into her mother's home on North Capitol Street, and that she had carried the gun inside her mother's home. The events that led to Williams's arrest began on the morning of March 14 when she dropped off her daughter at Emery Elementary School at 1720 First St. NE. Williams popped the trunk and the girl retrieved her bags, among them a DKNY bag that belonged to her mother but that the child sometimes took to school. Unbeknownst to the girl, the mother had placed in the larger DKNY bag a small Coach bag containing a palm-sized, .380-caliber pistol containing five live rounds.