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"Willow"
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Willow : a guide to growing and harvesting ; plus 20 beautiful woven projects
Master basket maker and willow grower, Jenny Crisp, teaches you some of the key basket weaving techniques to make 20 simple projects without the need for complicated tools. As natural materials such as wood, leather, rattan and cork continue to be used in the home, handmade woven objects, from bread baskets and trays to stools and screens, are fast becoming the must-have accessories of the contemporary interior. Master basket maker and willow grower, Jenny Crisp, teaches you some of the key weaving techniques to make 20 simple willow projects without the need of complicated tools. Jenny's approach is innovative and moves forward beyond the old patterns and boundaries, to allow the reader to make work that is fresh and for contemporary use.
Book
Korean American pioneer aviators
Korean American Pioneer Aviators: The Willows Airmen is the untold story of the brave Korean men who took to the skies more than twenty years before the Tuskegee Airmen fought in World War II.The tale of the Willows Aviation School connects Korean, American, and Korean American aviation history.
eBook
Climate warming as a driver of tundra shrubline advance
1. Climate warming is predicted to alter ecological boundaries in high-latitude ecosystems including the elevational or latitudinal extent of tall shrubs in Arctic and alpine tundra. Over 60 studies from 128 locations around the tundra biome have investigated shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems; however, only six studies test whether shrublines are actually advancing up hill-slopes or northward into tundra where tall shrubs are currently absent. 2. We test the hypothesis that willow shrublines have expanded to higher elevations in relation to climate across a 50 × 50 km area in the Kluane Region of the southwest Yukon Territory, Canada by surveying of 379 shrubs at 14 sites and sampling of 297 of the surveyed shrubs at 10 sites. We compared growth and recruitment to climate variables to test the climate sensitivity of shrub increase using annual radial growth analysis, age distributions and repeat field surveys to estimate the current rate of shrubline advance. 3. We found consistent and increasing rates of recruitment of alpine willows, with estimates of faster advancing shrublines on shallower hill-slopes. Mortality was extremely low across the elevation gradient. Aspect, elevation and species identity did not explain variation in recruitment patterns, suggesting a regional factor, such as climate, as the driver of the observed shrubline advance. 4. Annual radial growth of willows was best explained by variation in summer temperatures, and recruitment pulses by winter temperatures. Measured recruitment rates are ~20 ± 5 individuals per hectare per decade (M ± SE) and measured rates of increased shrub cover of ~5 ± 1% per decade (M ± SE) measured at the Pika Camp site between field surveys in 2009 and 2013. Our results suggest that shrubline will continue to advance over the next 50 years, if growing conditions remain suitable. However, if future conditions differ between summer and winter seasons, this could lead to contrasting trajectories for recruitment vs. growth, and influence the vegetation change observed on the landscape. 5. Synthesis. Our findings in the context of a review of the existing literature indicate that elevational and latitudinal shrublines, like treelines, are advancing in response to climate warming; however, the trajectories of change will depend on the climate drivers controlling recruitment vs. growth.
Journal Article
Willow Run
After moving with her parents to Willow Run, Michigan, eleven-year-old Meggie learns about different kinds of bravery from all of the people around her during World War II.
Book
Curtobacterium salicis sp. nov., isolated from willow tree stems in Washington state
Curtobacterium
sp. strain WW7 is a Gram-positive, non-motile, orange rod-shaped bacterium isolated from branches of wild willow (
Salix sitchensis
) trees. The WW7
T
strain has optimum growth in the temperature range between 25 and 30 °C, a pH range of 6–7.7, and tolerates up to 5.5% (w/v) of NaCl. The genome sequencing of strain WW7
T
revealed a genome size of approximately 3.8 Mbp and a G + C content of 71.3 mol%. The phylogenomic analyses support the WW7
T
affiliation to a novel
Curtobacterium
lineage, with
Curtobacterium herbarum
being the closest type-strain. Chemotaxonomic analysis indicates that the carbon sources assimilation profile of strain WW7
T
was similar to the type strains, i.e.
Curtobacterium luteum
,
Curtobacterium albidum,
and
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens
, while no assimilation of the organic acids succinate, alpha-ketobutyrate, mono methyl-succinate, and lactate was observed. Finally, fatty acid methyl ester analysis identifies
anteiso
-C
15:0
and
anteiso
-C
17:0
as major cellular fatty acids which is a common feature for members of the
Curtobacterium
genus. Based on the results of phylogenomic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain WW7
T
represents a novel
Curtobacterium
lineage, for which the name
Curtobacterium salicis
sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WW7
T
(DSM 34805
T
-NRRL B-68078
T
).
Journal Article
Blind your ponies : a novel
A winless high school basketball team is on the rebound after two stars move to town and inspire coach Sam Pickett to get down to business.
Book
Effects of salt stress on the photosynthetic physiology and mineral ion absorption and distribution in white willow (Salix alba L.)
The purpose of this study was to explore the adaptive mechanism underlying the photosynthetic characteristics and the ion absorption and distribution of white willow (Salix alba L.) in a salt stress environment in cutting seedlings. The results lay a foundation for further understanding the distribution of sodium chloride and its effect on the photosynthetic system.
A salt stress environment was simulated in a hydroponics system with different NaCl concentrations in one-year-old Salix alba L.branches as the test materials. Their growth, ion absorption, transport and distribution in the roots and leaves, and the changes in the photosynthetic fluorescence parameters were studied after 20 days under hydroponics.
The results show that The germination and elongation of roots are promoted in the presence of 171mM NaCl, but root growth is comprehensively inhibited under increasing salt stress. Under salt stress, Na+ accumulates significantly in the roots and leaves, and the Na+ content and the Na+/K+ and Na+/Ca2+ root ratios are significantly greater than those in the leaves. When the NaCl concentration is ≤ 342mM, Salix alba can maintain relatively stable K+ and Ca2+ contents in its leaves by improving the selective absorption and accumulation of K+ and Ca2+ and adjusting the transport capacity of mineral ions to aboveground parts, while K+ and Ca2+ levels are clearly decreased under high salt stress. With increasing salt concentrations, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) of leaves decrease gradually overall, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) first decreases and then increases. When the NaCl concentration is < 342mM, the decrease in leaf Pn is primarily restricted by the stomata. When the NaCl concentration is > 342mM, the decrease in the Pn is largely inhibited by non-stomatal factors. Due to the salt stress environment, the OJIP curve (Rapid chlorophyll fluorescence) of Salix alba turns into an OKJIP curve. When the NaCl concentration is > 171mM, the fluorescence values of points I and P decrease significantly, which is accompanied by a clear inflection point (K). The quantum yield and energy distribution ratio of the PSⅡ reaction center change significantly (φPo, Ψo and φEo show an overall downward trend while φDo is promoted). The performance index and driving force (PIABS, PICSm and DFCSm) decrease significantly when the NaCl concentration is > 171mM, indicating that salt stress causes a partial inactivation of the PSII reaction center, and the functions of the donor side and the recipient side are damaged.
The above results indicate that Salix alba can respond to salt stress by intercepting Na+ in the roots, improving the selective absorption of K+ and Ca2+ and the transport capacity to the above ground parts of the plant, and increasing φDo, thus shows an ability to self-regulate and adapt.
Journal Article
Effect of meta-Topolin on morphological, physiochemical, and molecular dynamics during in vitro regeneration of Salix tetrasperma Roxb
An efficient in vitro propagation protocol has been established for a valuable medicinal plant,
Salix tetrasperma
using mature nodal explants. The investigation aimed to observe the influence of various combinations and concentrations of cytokinins (mT, BA, and Kn) and auxins (NAA, IAA, and IBA) on regeneration potential using the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Among individual cytokinin treatments, 5.0 µM mT resulted highest response of 92% with maximum shoot number (11.6 ± 0.08) per explant and shoot length (4.5 ± 0.22 cm) after 12 weeks of culture. However, synergistic treatment of mT (5.0 µM) and NAA (0.5 µM) further improved proliferation with (21.3 ± 0.40) shoots per explant and (6.9 ± 0.13 cm) shoot length in 96% cultures after 12 weeks of incubation. Rooting from in vitro raised microshoots was achieved on ½ MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of low-dose auxins. The highest number of roots (10.4 ± 0.20) per shoot with mean root length (5.7 ± 0.11 cm) with maximum rooting frequency (97%) was observed in 0.5 µM IBA, after 4 weeks of culture. The rooted plantlets achieved a remarkable 86% survivability rate, when transferred to
ex vitro
conditions during acclimatization. Analysis of photosynthetic parameters and their characteristics during the acclimatization phase revealed a gradual decline in photosynthetic attributes during initial weeks; however, a significant improvement was noted as the growth proceeded. SEM analysis revealed the ultra-morphological structural differences between in vivo and in vitro derived leaves of
S. tetrasperma
. Moreover, DPPH assay observed differential antioxidant activity of in vitro raised plantlets throughout the acclimatization period. The GC-MS analysis from leaf extracts of donor plants and in vitro derived plantlets has revealed a broad spectrum of phytochemical compounds with significant pharmacological properties. No polymorphism in the banding pattern was found when the genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants was evaluated using SCoT primers, indicating the clonal stability of micropropagated plants. This study is the first to explore the use of mT in regeneration of
S. tetrasperma
, showing its more effectiveness than BA and Kn.
Key message
A reliable and more advanced in vitro protocol was established for
Salix tetrasperma
using cytokinin (mT), a novel aromatic cytokinin. This method led to significant improvement in multiple shoot formation and elongation, root development. Moreover, the assessment of transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO
2
concentrations (Ci), net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll (Chl a/b), carotenoid content, phytochemical profile and total antioxidant activity during acclimatization ensures enhanced survivability of in vitro raised plants. Furthermore, the application of mT did not compromise the genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants.
Journal Article
Assembly and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Salix wilsonii using PacBio HiFi sequencing
Salix L. (willows) is one of the most taxonomically complex genera of flowering plants, including shrubs, tall trees, bushes, and prostrate plants. Despite the high species diversity, only five mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been released in this genus. Salix wilsonii is an important ornamental and economic willow tree in section Wilsonia of the genus Salix . In this study, the S. wilsonii mitogenome was assembled into a typical circular structure with a size of 711,456 bp using PacBio HiFi sequencing. A total of 58 genes were annotated in the S. wilsonii mitogenome, including 33 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. In the S. wilsonii mitogenome, four genes ( mttB , nad3 , nad4 , and sdh4 ) were found to play important roles in its evolution through selection pressure analysis. Collinearity analysis of six Salix mitogenomes revealed high structural variability. To determine the evolutionary position of S. wilsonii , we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the mitogenomes of S. wilsonii and 12 other species in the order Malpighiales. Results strongly supported the segregation of S. wilsonii and other five Salix species with 100% bootstrap support. The comparative analysis of the S. wilsonii mitogenome not only sheds light on the functional and structural features of S. wilsonii but also provides essential information for genetic studies of the genus Salix .
Journal Article