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Surfing and windsurfing
\"One of the most popular and exciting water sports in the world, surfing has a rich history dating back to at least the eighteenth century. The International Surfing Association estimates there are more than twenty-three million surfers worldwide. Windsurfing's popularity peaked in 1984, but by the mid-1990s, it began a rapid decline. Today, however, the sport is again gaining momentum, and younger generations are learning what a fun and exciting sport it is. Readers will learn the history of both sports, the skills and equipment needed to participate in them, and how to surf and windsurf safely.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Fusion17 summary talk: windsurfing on a cross section profile
The spectrum of physics, discussed in the 7th edition of the “Fusion” conference series, included a number of topics, ranging from reaction dynamics to structure studies, from the lightest to the heaviest nuclei, from inelastic reactions to fusion and fission, with applications of astrophysical interest and the newest developments and findings in theory and experiment. With this paper we try to summarize the most relevant issues discussed during the five days of Fusion17.
Journal Article
Muscle synergy characteristics of pumping in Chinese elite windsurfers
The functional roles of different muscle synergies can be defined through their correlation with biomechanical parameters, making this approach widely applicable in sports science. Muscle synergy analysis has demonstrated unique value in developing specialized skill training. This study aimed to investigate muscle synergy characteristics during pumping in elite windsurfers. Eight elite athletes were recruited to perform 30-s on-shore pumping trials on a windsurfing simulator. Muscle activity was recorded using a 16-channel wireless surface electromyography system (Myon, Cometa, Italy). Non-negative matrix factorization was applied to extract muscle synergy contributions and activation patterns across two pumping phases. Four muscle synergies (S1–S4) were consistently identified across both pumping phases. Phase-specific lateral asymmetries were observed in muscle contributions: the bent-knee phase showed significant left–right differences in triceps brachii (TB), biceps femoris (BF), trapezius (TRA), and rectus femoris (RF) (
p
< 0.05), while the extended phase exhibited asymmetries in TB, gluteus maximus (GM), RF, and BF (
p
< 0.05). Activation analysis revealed S2 maintained the highest activation level in both phases (S2 > S3 > S1 > S4,
p
< 0.05), with no significant differences in overall synergy patterns between phases (
p
> 0.05), indicating similar neuromuscular coordination strategies despite kinematic differences. This study reveals that elite windsurfers employ four consistent muscle synergies during pumping, with phase-specific lateral asymmetries in muscle contributions and a stable activation hierarchy (S2 > S3 > S1 > S4). These findings provide actionable insights for targeted training, emphasizing unilateral coordination drills and S2 synergy development to optimize pumping performance.
Journal Article
Telemedicine in Sports under Extreme Conditions: Data Transmission, Remote Medical Consultations, and Diagnostic Imaging
Telemedical technologies provide significant benefits in sports for performance monitoring and early recognition of many medical issues, especially when sports are practised outside a regulated playing field, where participants are exposed to rapidly changing environmental conditions or specialised medical assistance is unavailable. We provide a review of the medical literature on the use of telemedicine in adventure and extreme sports. Out of 2715 unique sport citations from 4 scientific databases 16 papers met the criteria, which included all research papers exploring the use of telemedicine for monitoring performance and health status in extreme environments. Their quality was assessed by a double-anonymised review with a specifically designed four-item scoring system. Telemedicine was used in high-mountain sports (37.5%; n = 6), winter sports (18.7%; n = 3), water sports (25%; n = 4), and long-distance land sports (18.7%; n = 3). Telemedicine was used for data transfer, teleconsulting, and the execution of remote-controlled procedures, including imaging diagnostics. Telemedical technologies were also used to diagnose and treat sport-related and environmentally impacted injuries, including emergencies in three extreme conditions: high mountains, ultraendurance activities, and in/under the water. By highlighting sport-specific movement patterns or physiological and pathological responses in extreme climatic conditions and environments, telemedicine may result in better preparation and development of strategies for an in-depth understanding of the stress of the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, or neuromuscular system, potentially resulting in performance improvement and injury prevention.
Journal Article
Drone-Based Maritime Anomaly Detection with YOLO and Motion/Appearance Fusion
Maritime surveillance is critical for ensuring the safety and continuity of sea logistics, port operations, and coastal activities in the presence of anomalies such as unlawful maritime activities, security-related incidents, and anomalous events (e.g., tsunamis or aggressive marine wildlife). Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)/drones and computer vision enable automated, wide-area monitoring that can reduce dependence on continuous human observation and mitigate the limitations of traditional methods in complex maritime environments (e.g., waves, ship clutter, and marine animal movement). This study proposes a hybrid anomaly detection and tracking pipeline that integrates YOLOv12, as the primary object detector, with two auxiliary modules: (i) motion assistance for tracking moving anomalies and (ii) stillness (appearance) assistance for tracking slow-moving or stationary anomalies. The system is trained and evaluated on a custom maritime dataset captured using a DJI Mini 2 drone operating around a port area near Bayshore MRT Station (TE29), Singapore. Windsurfers are used as proxy (dummy) anomalies because real anomaly footage is restricted for security reasons. On the held-out test set, the trained model achieves over 90% on Precision, Recall, and mAP50 across all classes. When deployed on real maritime video sequences, the pipeline attains a mean Precision of 92.89% (SD 13.31), a mean Recall of 90.44% (SD 15.24), and a mean Accuracy of 98.50% (SD 2.00%), indicating strong potential for real-world maritime anomaly detection. This proof of concept provides a basis for future deployment and retraining on genuine anomaly footage obtained from relevant authorities to further enhance operational readiness for maritime and coastal security.
Journal Article
External auditory exostoses in wind-dependent water sports participants: German wind- and kitesurfers
Purpose
Cold water and wind are known to cause exostoses of the external auditory canal. Different prevalences in different sports have been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of external auditory exostosis (EAE) and EAE severity in coastal German wind- and kitesurfers who are exposed to cold water and strong winds. Furthermore, influencing factors such as the total exposure time and frequency of activity as well as the correlations between symptoms and the severity of EAE were investigated.
Methods
In this retrospective cross-sectional study, German non-professional wind- and kitesurfers along the North and Baltic Sea coasts were recruited between September 2020 and November 2020. Each participant was interviewed about exposure time and otological symptoms and underwent bilateral video otoscopic examination to determine EAE severity.
Results
A total of 241 ears from 130 subjects were analysed. The prevalence of EAE was 75.1%. In 19.9% of the participants, severe EAE was found. Exposure time and the frequency of activity had significant effects on the severity of EAE. Compared to surfers, EAE growth seems to progress faster in wind- and kitesurfers. The number of symptoms requiring medical treatment increased when two-thirds of the external auditory canal was obstructed.
Conclusion
The prevalence of EAE in wind- and kitesurfers is high. Total exposure time and the frequency of activity influence EAE growth. EAE growth occurs faster in wind- and kitesurfers than in surfers. The additional influence of wind and the evaporative cooling of the EAC are thought to be responsible. The results of this study should increase awareness of the dynamics of EAE among ENT specialists and improve patient counselling.
Journal Article
Epidemiology of injuries in the iQFOiL olympic windsurfing class: risk factors and injury trends in elite sailors at the 2021 iQFOiL European championships
Objective
To investigate the epidemiology of injuries in the iQFOiL Olympic windsurfing class, focusing on risk factors such as gender, training volume, injury prevention measures, and equipment during the 2021 iQFOiL European Championships.
Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 165 competitors (59 women, 106 men) at the 2021 iQFOiL European Championships. Participants were interviewed using a researcher-assisted electronic injury questionnaire developed by the Polish Yachting Association and the Medical Commission of World Sailing. The focus was on the three most serious injuries reported by participants during the previous 12 months.
Results
85 iQFOiL competitors reported 117 injuries with an injury prevalence of 52% (95% CI 44–59%). The prevalence was higher in women (61%, 95% CI 48–72%) than men (46%, 95% CI 37–56%) (
p
= 0.068). The incidence rate was 1.61 injuries per 1,000 h of sailing (women − 1.92 injuries/1000 h, men − 0.92 injuries/1000 h). 83% (95% CI 75–89%) of injuries occurred during on-water training. Acute injuries were more common (60%, 95% CI 51–68%) than chronic injuries. Muscle cramps/spasm (28%, 95% CI 21–37%) occurring in the lower back/lumbar spine (26%, 95% CI 19–35%) were the most common injury.
Conclusion
The new Olympic windsurfing class iQFOiL has a higher prevalence (women: 61%, men 46%) of injuries than its predecessor, the RS: X class (women: 39%, men: 23%)
8
.
Significance
What is already known on this topic?
• The epidemiology of injuries in the previous Olympic windsurfing class (RS: X) has been documented. However, that for the new iQFOiL class has yet to be reported, particularly among elite sailors.
What are the findings?
• The iQFOiL Olympic windsurfing class exhibits a higher injury prevalence compared to its predecessor, the RS: X class (women: 61% vs. 39%; men: 46% vs. 23%). Most of injuries (83%) occurred during on-water team training.
How might it impact on clinical practice in the future?
• Understanding the injury patterns in iQFOiL could inform the development of injury prevention strategies, injury treatment and return-to-play protocols, and training regimens.
• By identifying high-risk situations, sailors and coaches can take preventive actions during training and competition, potentially reducing injury rates.
Journal Article
Opportunities in Identifying and Marketing Windsport Tourism Destinations: High-Resolution Wind Analysis
Windsports (e.g., windsurfing, kiteboarding) can contribute to important tourist experiences at destinations with suitable natural resources. In the context of future tourism decarbonization, it is expected that many distant locations will become less accessible to Europeans, which will increase the attractiveness of nearby destinations. This study provides an analysis of the natural resources of European and nearby windsport destinations, which proves to be important physical evidence for windsport experiences. The high-frequency output of a long-term, high-resolution numerical atmospheric reanalysis (COSMO_REA6) was thoroughly analyzed using a method specifically tailored to windsports. This gives us unprecedented insight into the geographical distribution of wind resources in the period from May to September. The wind and temperature analysis recognizes the most known windsport locations and identifies several potential locations for possible windsport development. The trend analysis identifies potential changes in future wind conditions. Detailed wind analyses are of great importance to destination managers and marketers, as these could support strategic planning at the destination level, which is necessary for sustainable development. Furthermore, the study can guide windsurfers and kiteboarders in their future destination choices.
Journal Article
CAD Model Reconstruction by Generative Design of an iQFoil Olympic Class Foiling Windsurfing Wing
This work presents a generative design algorithm for the semi-automatic reconstruction of sweepable surfaces from point clouds obtained through three-dimensional scanning. The proposed algorithm enables, starting from a 3D acquisition dataset, the correct automatic orientation of the mesh, the selection of a suitable cutting edge, and the specification of the number of transversal sections for an effective 3D model reconstruction. Additionally, it suggests a maximum number of points to be used for reconstructing the sectional curves. The mesh reconstruction is performed through a lofting operation, resulting in a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface. The algorithm has been applied to a case study involving the front wing surface of a foil from the Olympic class iQFoil, which has recently garnered significant attention from researchers in the field of performance analysis. The obtained reconstructed surface exhibits very low deviation values when compared to the original mesh. This demonstrates the reliability of the results obtained with the proposed approach, which provides sufficient accuracy and is obtained in a considerably shorter time compared to the traditional manual reconstruction approach, enabling the reconstruction of a 3D model in just a few semi-automatic steps, ready for subsequent numerical analyses if needed.
Journal Article